<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440</id><updated>2011-12-29T13:03:17.175Z</updated><category term='Energy Saving'/><category term='Energy Saving Trust'/><category term='Eden Project'/><category term='Wind Turbine Installer'/><category term='Ebau'/><category term='Water Heating'/><category term='Micro CHP'/><category term='How 2'/><category term='DIY'/><category term='Oil Pump'/><category term='Holy Grail'/><category term='33Gigawatts'/><category term='Grants'/><category term='Living For Free'/><category term='Global Warming'/><category term='Alternative Energy Links'/><category term='Pudsey Times'/><category term='Solar 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term='CHAP'/><category term='Babington Nozzles'/><category term='Turk Burner'/><category term='Bon Voyage'/><category term='DC'/><category term='DIY Fridge'/><category term='Alternative Energy'/><category term='Alan Whitehead'/><category term='DTI'/><category term='reduce reuse recycle'/><category term='Free Competition'/><category term='Electricity CD Rom'/><category term='Bio Ethanol'/><category term='Personal Thoughts'/><category term='Labour MP'/><category term='Air Pump Lifter'/><category term='24V DC System'/><category term='Alternative'/><category term='Solar Water'/><category term='Lister CS'/><category term='BBC Radio Leeds'/><category term='Energy Efficient'/><category term='Cheapest Loft Insulation'/><category term='M1941'/><category term='SVO'/><category term='Lister'/><category term='electrical solar panels'/><category term='Siemens Protos'/><category term='UK Wind Power'/><category term='Heat Pump'/><category term='DIY Solar Hot Water Heater'/><category term='Alaska Tent Stove'/><category term='Stationary Engine'/><category term='Microhydro'/><category term='EPC&apos;s'/><category term='Obama&apos;s green jobs revolution'/><category term='Solarvoltaics'/><category term='B Q Loft Insulation'/><category term='Current'/><category term='Carbon Calculator'/><category term='Prices Reduced'/><category term='CHP'/><category term='Green Industry'/><category term='Alaska Tent Burner'/><category term='Homebrewpower'/><category term='Micro Hydro'/><category term='Listeroid'/><category term='Purchase Protos Stove'/><category term='Mains Power Off-Grid'/><category term='Efficient Lighting'/><category term='3r'/><title type='text'>Renewable Energy Tips, Projects and DIY Advice</title><subtitle type='html'>Renewable Free Tips and DIY help.
Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Free Electricity, Free Power, Off-Grid, Off Grid, OffGrid, WVO as a future carbon neutral fuel, Home made power generation, Micro CHP homebuilt systems, DC power useage , Stirling Engines, Wind Turbines, Solar PV , Geothermal heating &amp;amp; power, Ground source heating &amp;amp; cooling, Energy efficient lighting, Lister CS engines running on WVO 3/1 6/1 10/2, solar hot water</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>444</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-3662028273366053646</id><published>2009-06-28T18:50:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2009-06-28T18:51:57.750+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='website hosting'/><title type='text'>Site Hosted back at homebrewpower HQ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.HomeBrewPower.co.uk"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To &amp;#39;Carbon Neutral&amp;#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-3662028273366053646?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/3662028273366053646/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/06/site-hosted-back-at-homebrewpower-hq.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/3662028273366053646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/3662028273366053646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/06/site-hosted-back-at-homebrewpower-hq.html' title='Site Hosted back at homebrewpower HQ'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-8715792743914409301</id><published>2009-05-22T16:25:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2009-06-28T18:50:50.518+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eco Boost'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Green Industry'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='America'/><title type='text'>Americas Green Energy Industry About To Boom</title><content type='html'>By Adam Aston&lt;br /&gt;BW Magazine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As global financial markets melted down in October, Congress handed a gift to America's green energy industry: It renewed and broadened a set of tax credits for wind and solar power, geothermal, tidal energy, and more. The move did little to prop up eco-energy stocks, which have followed oil prices down. But the news did send a positive jolt to one of the economy's darkest sectors: homebuilding. Or, more specifically, solar-powered homes. Consumers recognize that green homes "save money month in, month out," says Rick Andreen, president of Shea Homes Active Lifestyles Communities in Scottsdale, Ariz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Most of the sweeteners Congress conjured up will go to big projects such as wind farms. But aspiring buyers of green homes will benefit, too. The revised 30% one-time investment credit for solar means that a buyer who installs a typical $25,000 solar panel system on his roof will get $7,500 in income tax credits, up from $2,000 under the old standard. How long that investment takes to pay off will depend on local rules and utility rates. In markets with the most costly power, such as California, Connecticut, and New Jersey, the pretax compound rate of return on a typical home solar system will be better than 15% per year, says Andy Black, chief executive of OnGrid Solar, an industry research firm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fresh credits may mark a turning point for solar-powered homes. During the housing boom, when mortgages and energy were both cheap, green power was not a hot option; typical home buyers preferred granite countertops to solar panels. But even before the subprime crash, builders began to see rising interest in sun-powered dwellings. Ryness Co., which compiles sales data for homebuilders, found in a recent survey that homes with solar systems were outselling others by as much as 2:1 in 13 California communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today there are about 40,000 solar homes in the U.S., but that number is set to spike. Shea is adding solar to communities planned for Arizona, California, Florida, and Washington State. And, responding to a shift in buyers' attitudes, big builders such as Centex (CTX), Lennar (LEN), Pulte Homes (PHM), and Woodside Homes are following suit. Consider Whitney Ranch, a development south of Sacramento. Sales there softened in the housing downturn, says Kathryn Boyce, an executive at Hanley Wood Market Intelligence. But when Standard Pacific Homes (SPF) put solar systems on a group of new models in the development, they sold out. The builder then decided to install panels on all 304 of the homes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The appeal of solar homes could grow as the economic outlook worsens. The more utility bills cut into household reserves, "the more consumers recognize the value of efficiency," says Robert W. Hammon, principal of ConSol, a green building consulting firm. And there's growing consumer awareness that solar homes appreciate faster than ordinary dwellings. They also resell for a premium of up to 5%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Ben Hoen, a researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who studies the effects of eco-features on real estate values, more homeowners now see solar panels as a long-term asset. Mortgage lenders, however, have been slow to make that link. The loan processes at Fannie Mae (FNM) and Freddie Mac (FRE) don't give special treatment to buyers who make improvements to lower utility bills, says Shea's Andreen. Builders wish lenders would start to take stock of eco-features. "Solar panels free up household cash flow," Andreen says. "Lenders should recognize that." End of article&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.HomeBrewPower.co.uk"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To &amp;#39;Carbon Neutral&amp;#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-8715792743914409301?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/8715792743914409301/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/05/americas-green-energy-industry-about-to.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8715792743914409301'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8715792743914409301'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/05/americas-green-energy-industry-about-to.html' title='Americas Green Energy Industry About To Boom'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-4895466451368619279</id><published>2009-05-19T15:48:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2009-05-19T15:50:36.416+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid Home'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DIY House'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homestead'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homesteading'/><title type='text'>Money Saving Tips On Building An Off-Grid Homestead</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/ShLGvTHZvtI/AAAAAAAAAa4/ZnmiXIWjoDs/s1600-h/solar-house.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/ShLGvTHZvtI/AAAAAAAAAa4/ZnmiXIWjoDs/s400/solar-house.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #1: If you buy building materials in small quantity you will pay full retail price. Instead figure out exactly what materials you will need. Include everything from screws to appliances. Make your material list look professional and take it to any large construction supplier like home depot or lowes. Do not talk to a clerk but go straight to the contractor desk or speak to a manager and tell them you are building your own home and would like the contractor discount for buying all the materials from them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Most building supply stores will give you anywhere from 5% to 15% discount if you buy all material at one time. They may even throw in free delivery if you live within a certain mileage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you have to buy in small quantities go to the mom and pop building suppliers with your list and ask the manager for a discount if you buy all your materials from them over time. You will still usually get a discount and be supporting your local dealers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #2: If you are using solar (I hope) try to buy your panels in bulk for a big discount. Most panel suppliers will give 30% or more for bulk sales of ten panels or more and a smaller discount if you buy more than one. Talk to the owner if possible as salesman rarely have power to discount. Get your power controller and necessary wiring and even batteries from the dealer and get an even bigger discount!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #3: Recycle whenever possible. Good used Doors and windows can be had for free or cheap from most window installers. Get double pane and insulated doors for exterior. They may need painting and might be different sizes but the savings is worth a little extra work.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Good used appliances can be had for free or cheap. Check out your local freecycle website, garage sale, city dump, or look for homes being remodled and make an offer. Sinks, toilets, cabinets, tubs, showers are always being thrown away so do some scrounging and don't waste money on new ones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New propane appliances can be expensive but if you have or can buy an old rv cheap salvage all your propane appliances to outfit your home.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #4: Design your home for efficiency. Consider how big of a home you really need. Smaller homes are cheaper to build, cheaper to heat and cool, easier to clean and lower in property taxes. Because people are looking for smaller efficient homes they also raise in property value faster than big inefficient homes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #5: Use the sun and passive energy. Situate you house to take advantage of the sun for winter heating and solar panels. Plant trees for natural summer cooling. Use overhangs to block summer sun and porches for cool resting spots. Passive air turbines instead of expensive air conditioning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #6: Go solar! There is a fed rebate of 30% for any size solar electric system installed by a professional installer. You can get this rebate even if you do the work yourself if you will contact an installer and ask them to design your system and oversee your work. get them to sign off on the work as being installed professionally and you can get the rebate. Many installers will do this and I do it all the time for clients. If you buy your equipment from them they can get you a bigger discount and they will give you valuable advice for designing the right size system for your needs. It may be worth a few hundred dollars to have their professional experience and you will save a lot in the rebate and having a correctly designed system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TIP #7: Do the work yourself! Even if you have no building experience you can save a lot by having a knowledgeable builder use you for labor on your own home. Take a construction class or volunteer with a habitats for humanity project or your neighbors construction to learn the skill you need. Home construction is not difficult and most people that have basic construction knowledge can do it themselves or with a little guidance from a knowledgeable builder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt; Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div style='clear:both; text-align:CENTER'&gt;&lt;a href='http://picasa.google.com/blogger/' target='ext'&gt;&lt;img src='http://photos1.blogger.com/pbp.gif' alt='Posted by Picasa' style='border: 0px none ; padding: 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;' align='middle' border='0' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-4895466451368619279?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Tips-To-Save-Money-Building-An-Off-Grid-Homestead.html' title='Money Saving Tips On Building An Off-Grid Homestead'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/4895466451368619279/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/05/money-saving-tips-on-building-off-grid.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4895466451368619279'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4895466451368619279'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/05/money-saving-tips-on-building-off-grid.html' title='Money Saving Tips On Building An Off-Grid Homestead'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/ShLGvTHZvtI/AAAAAAAAAa4/ZnmiXIWjoDs/s72-c/solar-house.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-8930178006093823942</id><published>2009-05-12T13:39:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2009-05-12T13:43:59.971+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='LEDs'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='LED Lighting'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Efficient Lighting'/><title type='text'>LED Lighting - Efficient Lighting</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SglusWU03RI/AAAAAAAAAY0/yem6Zoc78R8/s1600-h/luxeon-rebel-led.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 325px; height: 325px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SglusWU03RI/AAAAAAAAAY0/yem6Zoc78R8/s400/luxeon-rebel-led.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334916941783293202" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;LED (Light Emitting Diode) Lighting are a fast emerging high efficient light source. The primary benefits of LED lighting is low maintenance, long life and pure vibrant colors they produce.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;LED technology is now been used in Floodlighting, LED floor panels, LED Up lights, LED Wall Panels, LED Strip lights and LED Spot Lights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philips lighting are one of the worlds leaders in LED technology and have just released the LUXEON Rebel ES which boasts in excess of 100 Lumens per watt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See &lt;a href="http://www.philipslumileds.com/"&gt;THIS LINK&lt;/a&gt; for more on the Philips LumiLEDS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philips Luxeon Rebel ES Power LED&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Homebrewpower Website is dedicated to information and news on WVO, WMO, CHAP, CHP, Solar Power, Solar Panels, Solar Hot Water, Wind Generators, Wind Machines, Solar PV, Alternative Energy, Energy Saving, Carbon Footprint, Carbon Neutral, Sustainable Living plus much more.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For more on Renewable Energy please visit&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EMAIL Questions&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.HomeBrewPower.co.uk"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To &amp;#39;Carbon Neutral&amp;#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-8930178006093823942?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.philipslumileds.com/' title='LED Lighting - Efficient Lighting'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/8930178006093823942/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/05/led-lighting-efficient-lighting.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8930178006093823942'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8930178006093823942'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/05/led-lighting-efficient-lighting.html' title='LED Lighting - Efficient Lighting'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SglusWU03RI/AAAAAAAAAY0/yem6Zoc78R8/s72-c/luxeon-rebel-led.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-4320579916533315855</id><published>2009-04-09T18:49:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2009-04-09T18:50:37.770+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='CHAP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='CHP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MCHP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Listeroid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lister CS Stationary Engine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lister CS'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Micro CHP'/><title type='text'>Lister-CS-Stationar-Engines-Power-Generation</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sd41FOIkPEI/AAAAAAAAAYo/dh8Jlcg_r_0/s1600-h/Lister-CS.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sd41FOIkPEI/AAAAAAAAAYo/dh8Jlcg_r_0/s400/Lister-CS.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lister CS (Cold Start) stationary engines, or their Indian clones referred to as Listeroid stationary engines, are one of the most versatile long running stationary engines the world had ever seen. They are more than capable of running on almost any viscous oil including Peanut oil, Canola oil, Vegetable Oil, filtered waste vegetable oil, filtered waste motor oil, diesel oil, crude oil, gearbox oil, sunflower oil and many more. There are a number of enthusiasts out there who are experimenting with running them on a mixture of Fuel Oil and Wood Gas Fumes.&lt;br /&gt;The Lister CS range of engines are Slow RPM (650RPM to 700RPM) 4 stroke single cylinder stationary engines. They are over engineered and have been known to run unattended for in excess of 200,000 hours.&lt;br /&gt;They use the simplest of technology which lends them to less maintenance and breakdowns.&lt;br /&gt;Below is a list of interesting websites that document their progress on Using the Lister CS (Listeroid) stationary engines to provide heating and power for domestic dwellings / Low impact homes.&lt;br /&gt;Using a Lister CS / SOM (Start-O-Matic) Stationary engine to produce both power and heating is commonly referred to as a CHP (Combined Heat Power) CHAP (Combined Heat And Power) or MCHP (Micro Combined Heat And Power)&lt;br /&gt;The Diesel Engine Basics&lt;br /&gt;A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the diesel cycle (named after Dr. Rudolph Diesel). Diesel engines have the highest thermal efficiency[citation needed] compared to any internal or external combustion engine.The defining feature of the diesel engine is the use of compression ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol (gasoline) engine or gas engine, which uses the Otto cycle, in which a fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug.&lt;br /&gt;Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, large trucks and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. As of 2007, about 50 percent of all new car sales in Europe are diesel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.powercubes.com/listers.html"&gt;Ken Boak's Lister&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ken is producing electricity and heat from his Lister CS engine setup in Surrey - Kent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz2v4f2UNL0"&gt;Ken Boak's Lister Video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a short documentary about Ken Boak's generating plant - Interesting &amp;amp; inspiring.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rbodell.com/listeroids.aspx"&gt;Robert Bodel's Listeroid&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Robert Bodel retired to Texas and lives in a sea container. He uses a Listeroid for power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.stationaryenginebooks.co.uk/listercs.htm"&gt;David Edgington's CS Book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Covers in great detail the venerable Lister diesel produced between 1929 and the 1980s.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Lister_CSOG/"&gt;Lister CS Owners Group&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lister CS Yahoo Owners Group - Great place for technical know how.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.f1-rocketboy.com/lister.html"&gt;F1 RocketBoy's Genset&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rocket Boy lives in Florida and has built a backup Listeroid Genset for his home&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.geocities.com/wastewatts/listers.html"&gt;Lister CS CHP Genset&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another of Ken Boak's earlier venture into using a Lister CS for Power &amp;amp; Heating&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.utterpower.com/listeroi.htm"&gt;UtterPower's Listeroid Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interesting Information on Listeroid / Lister CS Stationary engines&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.listerengine.com/"&gt;Lister Engine Forum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A free online forum dedicated to all things Lister, Lister CS, Listeroid, Start-O-Matic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lister-petter.co.uk/"&gt;Lister-Petter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The home of the famous Lister CS Stationary engine! R A Lister&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Homebrewpower Website is dedicated to information and news on WVO, WMO, CHAP, CHP, Solar Power, Solar Panels, Solar Hot Water, Wind Generators, Wind Machines, Solar PV, Alternative Energy, Energy Saving, Carbon Footprint, Carbon Neutral, Sustainable Living plus much more.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt; Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div style='clear:both; text-align:CENTER'&gt;&lt;a href='http://picasa.google.com/blogger/' target='ext'&gt;&lt;img src='http://photos1.blogger.com/pbp.gif' alt='Posted by Picasa' style='border: 0px none ; padding: 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;' align='middle' border='0' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-4320579916533315855?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Lister-CS-Stationary-Engines.html' title='Lister-CS-Stationar-Engines-Power-Generation'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/4320579916533315855/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/04/lister-cs-stationar-engines-power.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4320579916533315855'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4320579916533315855'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/04/lister-cs-stationar-engines-power.html' title='Lister-CS-Stationar-Engines-Power-Generation'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sd41FOIkPEI/AAAAAAAAAYo/dh8Jlcg_r_0/s72-c/Lister-CS.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-4072621483700060773</id><published>2009-04-08T18:58:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2009-04-08T19:05:14.911+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='8GB USB Memory Stick'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Free USB Stick'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Monthly Competition'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Free Competition'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renewable Energy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Competition'/><title type='text'>Win an 8GB USB Memory Stick - Free Entry</title><content type='html'>For a chance to win a 8GB USB Memory stick take a look at this months competition over on &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Free-USB-Pen-Giveaway-April-2009.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Good Luck&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sdzmr-beVUI/AAAAAAAAAYg/V-d2dd4y4fY/s1600-h/zmate-8gb-pen.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 349px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sdzmr-beVUI/AAAAAAAAAYg/V-d2dd4y4fY/s400/zmate-8gb-pen.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5322382502812079426" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.HomeBrewPower.co.uk"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To &amp;#39;Carbon Neutral&amp;#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-4072621483700060773?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Free-USB-Pen-Giveaway-April-2009.html' title='Win an 8GB USB Memory Stick - Free Entry'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/4072621483700060773/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/04/win-8gb-usb-memory-stick-free-entry.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4072621483700060773'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4072621483700060773'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/04/win-8gb-usb-memory-stick-free-entry.html' title='Win an 8GB USB Memory Stick - Free Entry'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sdzmr-beVUI/AAAAAAAAAYg/V-d2dd4y4fY/s72-c/zmate-8gb-pen.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-7980519033622723625</id><published>2009-03-30T22:35:00.007+01:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.213+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Straw Bail'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='House Of Straw'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Carol Atkinson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Low Impact Building'/><title type='text'>Straw-Bail-Homes-Carol-Atkinson-Howden</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"&gt; &lt;div style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; width: auto; font: normal normal normal 100%/normal Georgia, serif; text-align: left; "&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt; &lt;div style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; width: auto; font: normal normal normal 100%/normal Georgia, serif; text-align: left; "&gt;  &lt;div&gt;   &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:'Times New Roman';"&gt;   &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style1" hspace="0" style="text-align: left; width: 393px;" vspace="0"&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td class="text9" colspan="14"   style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:9pt;" valign="top"&gt;     &lt;p&gt;     &lt;span class="header2"  style="font-weight: bold; font-size:14px;"&gt;     &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Straw Bales are the      Way Forward in Construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;A study to research the potential for using straw in      construction has led to a coveted Nuffield Farming Scholarship      for a woman who firmly believes building with straw bales is the      way forward.&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="3" width="160"&gt;      &lt;caption align="bottom" class="text8" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; "&gt;      Carol with Yorkshire Agricultural Society Chief Executive       Nigel Pulling in front of one of Carol's straw bale       buildings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/caption&gt;      &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td align="center" class="text9" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; "&gt;       &lt;img alt="straw bale building" border="1" height="200" src="http://www.stackyard.com/news/2009/03/property/carol_atkinson.jpg" style="float: left" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p style="width: 417px"&gt;Carol Atkinson, who farms with her      husband at Howden near Goole, already runs the Straw Bale Cabin,      a one-bedroom holiday cottage. A second, larger cottage is      currently under construction and is expected to be completed by      May this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She is sponsored by the Yorkshire      Agricultural Society following her successful application to the      Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust. The Society, best known for      organising the annual Great Yorkshire Show, is committed to      promoting and assisting the developments in farming.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Nigel Pulling, the Society’s Chief Executive said Carol’s study      was not only interesting but could lead to new business      opportunities for farmers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Agriculture faces increasing      challenges and her study should prove extremely valuable in      highlighting a possible growth area. Straw bale building has the      potential to provide farmers with a new income stream, as well      as being good for the environment.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nuffield Farming      Scholarships are prestigious agricultural awards recognised      around the globe. They promote leadership and the implementation      of innovative agricultural practices through worldwide study.&lt;br /&gt;    &lt;br /&gt;Carol will travel to the United States, Canada and Europe to      look at how straw bales are used in construction and investigate      how the idea could be more widely used in Britain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“I’m      passionate about the potential for building with straw,”      explained Carol. “There are benefits for farmers too, such as      adding value to their crops, and wider benefits for the      environment. It also means there could be more low-cost rural      housing, it would boost rural skills and there would be a      natural, non-toxic indoor environment. It’s good news all round      really.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She said: “I’m really grateful to the Yorkshire      Agricultural Society for sponsoring me – it wouldn’t have      happened without their support. This is a fantastic opportunity      and I’m really looking forward to it.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Almost 200 people      have stayed in the Straw Bale Cabin, which was the first of its      kind in the UK, and has attracted widespread interest. But, says      Carol, straw bale building is still little-understood in      Britain, with less than 100 buildings nationwide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“They      are permanent buildings, with lime rendering on the outside and      clay plaster on the inside, and we have sheep’s wool insulation      in the roof,” said Carol. “They’re warm, comfortable places that      are totally natural and use local resources where possible – for      example the clay, hemp, timber and so on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“There’s no      reason why more straw bale buildings shouldn’t be constructed      and my study will assist me in learning more about how this      could happen. It’s more widespread in Canada and the US, which      is why I want to visit, and seeing how using straw bales works      in Europe will be interesting as their climate is closer to our      own.”&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   **************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt; |    Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;   Wind&lt;/a&gt; | Domestic Wind    Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;   Solar&lt;/a&gt; | Solar Panels For    Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;   Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt; | Recent    Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;   Babington Burner &lt;/a&gt;|    Purchase Our Hand Made WVO Burning Babington Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;   HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power Generation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: left; "&gt;   &lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;   &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;   **************************************************************&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-7980519033622723625?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/7980519033622723625/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/straw-bail-homes-carol-atkinson-howden.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/7980519033622723625'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/7980519033622723625'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/straw-bail-homes-carol-atkinson-howden.html' title='Straw-Bail-Homes-Carol-Atkinson-Howden'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-6519582990712640774</id><published>2009-03-13T16:05:00.004Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.543+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Hot Water'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Hot Water Installer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reduce Bills'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reduce My Bills'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Money Saving'/><title type='text'>Solar-Hot-Water-Panels-Installer-UK</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbqET-a9xFI/AAAAAAAAAXk/CbK2XSQVK8M/s1600-h/Solar-Hot-Water-Installer.png"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 350px; height: 480px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbqET-a9xFI/AAAAAAAAAXk/CbK2XSQVK8M/s400/Solar-Hot-Water-Installer.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5312704189145400402" /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;I am a solar hot water Installer In The UK. If you require a free quotation then please do ring me on 07504 505 089 or &lt;a href="mailto:andy@homebrewpower.co.uk"&gt;EMAIL&lt;/a&gt; me.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;I CAN SAVE YOU MONEY!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt; Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-6519582990712640774?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/6519582990712640774/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/solar-hot-water-panels-installer-uk.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6519582990712640774'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6519582990712640774'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/solar-hot-water-panels-installer-uk.html' title='Solar-Hot-Water-Panels-Installer-UK'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbqET-a9xFI/AAAAAAAAAXk/CbK2XSQVK8M/s72-c/Solar-Hot-Water-Installer.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-1411171906799643449</id><published>2009-03-10T09:07:00.006Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.038+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Panel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sell Your Own Energy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Genertor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renewable Energy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Grid Tie'/><title type='text'>Sell-Your-Own-Energy-Back-To-Your-Supplier-Renewable-Energy</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbY0Pv8fGaI/AAAAAAAAAW0/kGxOsYjZcqA/s1600-h/windcrofting.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 218px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbY0Pv8fGaI/AAAAAAAAAW0/kGxOsYjZcqA/s400/windcrofting.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311490255702923682" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Did you know you could be making money from the electricity generated by your renewable technology installation?&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you have installed, or are thinking about installing, a renewable technology which produces electricity, such as a Solar Electricity (PV) system, you may be able to get paid for the electricity it produces. The most common way to do this is to sign up to a buy back scheme with an energy supplier. There are two main tariffs available to do this:&lt;br /&gt;Export tariffs: You are only paid for the electricity that is exported back to the electricity network (you are not paid for any electricity you use). Generation tariffs: You are paid for all of the electricity that your system has generated even if you use it in your own home. There are also some Set Price Tariffs available where a fixed amount is paid by the energy supplier based on the type or capacity of the installation.&lt;br /&gt;Use our buy back tariff search tool&lt;br /&gt;To help you find the right tariff more easily we have developed a buy back tariff search tool. Using this tool will allow you to see details of all the tariffs currently being offered by the energy suppliers.&lt;br /&gt;Click here to go straight to the buy back tariff search tool&lt;br /&gt;Before you start your search you may wish to read the guidance below.&lt;br /&gt;Choosing the right tariff&lt;br /&gt;The answers to the following questions should help you choose the right buy buy back tariff for your situation:&lt;br /&gt;Do you expect to use most of the electricity you generate at home?&lt;br /&gt;If the answer is yes, it is likely that a Generation Tariff is likely to be a better option for you as you will get paid for all the electricity you generate rather than just the electricity that is exported.&lt;br /&gt;If you will be using a small amount of the electricity your system generates then an Export Tariff may be a better option for you.&lt;br /&gt;Will you need to install a new meter?&lt;br /&gt;Total Generation Meter: Most tariffs will require you to have an Ofgem approved Total Generation Meter which should be installed with your system. Total Generation Meters give a running total of the electricity generated by the system in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Export Meter: Most export tariffs require you to have an export meter installed. Some companies will pay for the meter and its installation whereas others may charge you. It is important that you establish the costs before agreeing a contract. Will it affect your import supply?&lt;br /&gt;Most buy back tariffs are dependent on the customer getting their import supply from the same energy supplier, and some suppliers limit the choice of available import tariffs that can be used.&lt;br /&gt;You should check tariffs are on offer from the supplier purchasing your electricity generation and how much your annual bill will be. You will want to take these costs into consideration alongside the export/generation tariff payment.&lt;br /&gt;What else should you consider?&lt;br /&gt;Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) are certificates given to registered generators of renewable electricity produced and sold within the UK. You will be entitled to one certificate for each megawatt hour (or 1,000 kilowatt hours kWh) of electricity you produce.&lt;br /&gt;Some tariffs include a price for ROCs whereby the energy supplier acts as the ROC agent, claiming ROCs from Ofgem on behalf of the customer. However, there are other tariffs where the customer retains the ROC entitlement and must claim these themselves. For ROCs to be able to be claimed you must have a Total Generation Meter installed. Information on which tariffs include a payment for ROCs can be viewed by looking at the tariff details on our buy back tariff search tool.&lt;br /&gt;Some suppliers include the payment for ROCs within the tariff, this means the ROCs are claimed by the energy company on the customers' behalf. If the tariff does not include payment for ROCs then the customer can claim for them separately.&lt;br /&gt;For further information on the ROCs please visit the Ofgem website.&lt;br /&gt;Click here to go to the buy back tariff search tool&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;************************************************************** Renewable Energy UK | Visit Our Home Brew Power WebsiteWind | Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?Solar | Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?Carbon Neutral | Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'Babington Burner | Purchase Our Hand Made WVO Burning Babington NozzlesHomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power Generation **************************************************************&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-1411171906799643449?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Sell-your-own-energy' title='Sell-Your-Own-Energy-Back-To-Your-Supplier-Renewable-Energy'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/1411171906799643449/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/sell-your-own-energy-back-to-your.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/1411171906799643449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/1411171906799643449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/sell-your-own-energy-back-to-your.html' title='Sell-Your-Own-Energy-Back-To-Your-Supplier-Renewable-Energy'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbY0Pv8fGaI/AAAAAAAAAW0/kGxOsYjZcqA/s72-c/windcrofting.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-6287700811267226917</id><published>2009-03-09T18:46:00.004Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.122+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Planet Earth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Save The Earth'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renewable Energy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Carbon Neutral'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reduce Independence On Fossil Fuels'/><title type='text'>What-Can-I-Do-To-Help-The-Planet-Earth?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbVlMqicwOI/AAAAAAAAAWk/0PNPelxz644/s1600-h/earth.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 400px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbVlMqicwOI/AAAAAAAAAWk/0PNPelxz644/s400/earth.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311262603804983522" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a number of things you may do for our planet. Let me try and give you some suitable answers to help you out a little.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fossil Fuels: You can 'Lower' your dependence on fossil fuels. I don't expect you to go run away and live in a cage or become a 'Tree Hugger' but you can, for example;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. switch all your lights from incandescent filament lamps to high efficiency low energy compact fluorescent lamps.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Strip out the gas fire and install a wood burner (Wood is a carbon neutral source of heating fuel) They can come with a back boiler so you can feed the excess heat into the heating system to heat other rooms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Cut back on the travel by (Car / Van / Bus / Train) and try cycling short routes. If your distances are large for commuting then why not set up a car sharing scheme with friends so you can all commute in the same vehicle and save burning excessive fossil fuels (Petrol and Diesel)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Buy your fresh vegetables from local farmers / farm stores, supermarkets fly / ship fruit and vegetables from all 4 corners of the globe and add to the excessive burning of fossil fuels. Why not support your local farmer and purchase his vegetables and fruit that were grown in the field next door and delivered by hand by the farmer himself?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Try educating others about turning lights off when they leave the room, why have the radiator in the lavatory on full when you are in there for 2 minutes 2 times a day? Try and see logic!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Swap your CRT (Cathode Ray Tube - The Big Glass fronted TV's) TV with a LCD flat screen one. They use much less Electricity (Which is mainly produced by burning fossil fuels Diesel &amp;amp; Gas) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Set your Laptop and or desktop PC to hibernate after a set amount of inactivity so it is not needlessly wasting Electricity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. When you go to bed for the night go around the house and switch off all non essential electrical equipment at the plug, putting TV's and Microwaves into standby does not shut them down but only puts them into a lower consuming mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Grow your own fruit and vegetables, it is so much fun and very satisfying, plus you get to know you are reducing your carbon footprint whilst getting free food!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. Opt for as many bills as possible to be sent to you electronically, you save them printing them on paper, save the rain forests and save on the delivery van burning fossil fuels in the process!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hope this helps you out a little&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andy Mahoney&lt;br /&gt;HomeBrewPower - Life After Fossil Fuel...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt; Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-6287700811267226917?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/6287700811267226917/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-can-i-do-to-help-planet-earth.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6287700811267226917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6287700811267226917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-can-i-do-to-help-planet-earth.html' title='What-Can-I-Do-To-Help-The-Planet-Earth?'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbVlMqicwOI/AAAAAAAAAWk/0PNPelxz644/s72-c/earth.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-2402365133676970444</id><published>2009-03-08T19:16:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.705+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Grid Connected System'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Grid Tie'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Grid Connected'/><title type='text'>Grid Connected System</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="solosol-headline-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Grid Connected System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;The grid-connected system generates and delivers electricity to a homes Alternating Current (AC) system without using batteries. The Solar Array (PV) acts like a power generation plant, supplying electricity to the grid. This is becoming very popular in Spain, as the electricity distribution company will buy the electricity from you for 0.4 Eur/Kwh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQZynWH8rI/AAAAAAAAAWc/4tKklWMw4ao/s400/sys-grid.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 219px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310898217922589362" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1 - Grid connect inverter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2 - Solar (PV) panel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;3 - Mains electricity supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Solar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Burner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;WVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Burning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Nozzles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; Generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-2402365133676970444?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/2402365133676970444/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/grid-connected-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/2402365133676970444'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/2402365133676970444'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/grid-connected-system.html' title='Grid Connected System'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQZynWH8rI/AAAAAAAAAWc/4tKklWMw4ao/s72-c/sys-grid.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-1649240619093461459</id><published>2009-03-08T19:13:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.204+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid Power'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='off-grid electricity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Backup Generator'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DC AC Backup Generator'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Standby Generator'/><title type='text'>12V / 220V DC/AC System with Generator</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;p class="solosol-headline-2" align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;12V / 220V DC/AC System with Generator &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="solosol-headline-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.solosol.net/system_design.html#PVTop" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;/back&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;This system provides all the benefits of a combined Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) system with the added benefit of a standby generator. This is perfect if you have some high demand appliances or your demand exceeds your solar generation ability. It also provides very good resilience for those cloudy winter days when the solar generation will be reduced.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQZODOP2kI/AAAAAAAAAWU/dBC47JkJ6tE/s400/DC-AC-Gen-System.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 256px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310897589750585922" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1 - Battery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2 - Solar (PV) panel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;3 - Solar Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;4 - Wind generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;5 - Wind Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;6 - Inverter - charger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;7 - Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Solar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Burner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;WVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Burning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Nozzles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; Generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-1649240619093461459?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/1649240619093461459/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/12v-220v-dcac-system-with-generator.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/1649240619093461459'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/1649240619093461459'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/12v-220v-dcac-system-with-generator.html' title='12V / 220V DC/AC System with Generator'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQZODOP2kI/AAAAAAAAAWU/dBC47JkJ6tE/s72-c/DC-AC-Gen-System.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-8674214676214465044</id><published>2009-03-08T19:11:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.330+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid Power'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='off-grid electricity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DC To AC Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off Grid Installer'/><title type='text'>12V / 220V DC/AC System</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;p class="solosol-headline-2" align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;12V / 220V DC/AC System &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="solosol-headline-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.solosol.net/system_design.html#PVTop" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;/back&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;This system provides both Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) electricity. This has several advantages in the DC lighting is more efficient, in the scenario you could power your lighting and water pump from the DC side and also run 220V appliances such as televisions and computers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQYn5lG9PI/AAAAAAAAAWM/Dr4UCpqMC2w/s400/DC-Ac-System.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 308px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310896934327088370" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1 - Battery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2 - Solar (PV) panel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;3 - Solar Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;4 - Wind generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;5 - Wind Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;6 - Inverter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Solar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Burner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;WVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Burning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Nozzles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; Generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-8674214676214465044?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/8674214676214465044/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/12v-220v-dcac-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8674214676214465044'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8674214676214465044'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/12v-220v-dcac-system.html' title='12V / 220V DC/AC System'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQYn5lG9PI/AAAAAAAAAWM/Dr4UCpqMC2w/s72-c/DC-Ac-System.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-6125410975073875376</id><published>2009-03-08T19:08:00.003Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.435+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='230VAC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mains Power Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='230V Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off Grid Installer'/><title type='text'>230V Alternating Current (AC) System</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color: rgb(17, 64, 84);   font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;p class="solosol-headline-2" align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;220V Alternating Current (AC) System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;This system include an inverter. An inverter converts Direct Current (DC) electricity from the Solar (PV) panels or the wind turbine, to Alternating Current (AC) electricty (230V). With the correct size inverter and electricity generation system, you can run any mains electricity appliance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color: rgb(17, 64, 84);   font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQYDCtkfJI/AAAAAAAAAWE/vvGplHXasko/s400/AC-System.jpg" style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 308px; " border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310896301123337362" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1 - Battery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2 - Solar (PV) panel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;3 - Solar Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;4 - Wind generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;5 - Wind Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;6 - Inverter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Solar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Burner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;WVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Burning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Nozzles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; Generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-6125410975073875376?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/6125410975073875376/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/230v-alternating-current-ac-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6125410975073875376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6125410975073875376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/230v-alternating-current-ac-system.html' title='230V Alternating Current (AC) System'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQYDCtkfJI/AAAAAAAAAWE/vvGplHXasko/s72-c/AC-System.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-2823415927986617084</id><published>2009-03-08T19:03:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.058+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid Power'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='off-grid electricity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Off-Grid'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='12V DC System'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='24V DC System'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renewable Energy'/><title type='text'>12/24V Direct Current (DC) System</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;p class="solosol_heading" align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="solosol-headline-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;12/24V Direct Current (DC) System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;The first system is a Direct Current (DC) system that generates 12 or 24 volts only. This type of system is perfect for high efficiency lighting and a surprising number of 12v appliances. Traditionally all mobile homes and caravans operate on 12v electricity. A visit to any caravan outlet will reveal an amazing number of low voltage appliances from televisions to microwave ovens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQWs1FV9uI/AAAAAAAAAV8/xhKgmpxKtrI/s400/DC-System.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 375px; height: 320px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310894819996202722" /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.2em; "&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1 - Battery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2 - Solar (PV) panel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;3 - Solar Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;4 - Wind generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; margin-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;5 - Wind Charge Controller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Solar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Burner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;WVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Burning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Babington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Nozzles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; Generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-2823415927986617084?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/2823415927986617084/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/1224v-direct-current-dc-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/2823415927986617084'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/2823415927986617084'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/1224v-direct-current-dc-system.html' title='12/24V Direct Current (DC) System'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbQWs1FV9uI/AAAAAAAAAV8/xhKgmpxKtrI/s72-c/DC-System.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-4676567693388095396</id><published>2009-03-08T10:01:00.003Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.677+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Evay'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ebay.com'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ebat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ebau'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ebay.co.uk'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ebay'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Enay'/><title type='text'>Ebat, Ebau, Evay, Enay, Ebay.co.uk, Ebay.com, Ebay - Online Marketplace</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbOa_9lffaI/AAAAAAAAAVs/ENkDEACzZTc/s1600-h/ebay-logo.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 138px; height: 45px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbOa_9lffaI/AAAAAAAAAVs/ENkDEACzZTc/s400/ebay-logo.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310758809254198690" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ebay - Good for Renewable Energy Products - If You Know Where To Look!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I want to let you know a really simple yet effective way of finding out some great suppliers of equipment without actually purchasing (Paypal.com | Ebay.co.uk) anything on &lt;a href="http://www.ebay.com/"&gt;Ebay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Find what it is you are looking to purchase via ebay (Solar Panel | Wind Turbine | Solar Cells) and scroll down the auction for the pictures, if they are hosted on Ebay then they will look like this: (Note Camera Watermark In The Bottom Left Of The Picture)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbOa_x9PcqI/AAAAAAAAAV0/xqcnoum0KqA/s400/ebay-hosted-image.JPG" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310758806132585122" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If they do not have a camera watermark in the bottom right hand side of the picture then they are hosted somewhere other than ebay's servers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you find a set of pictures of an interesting item you wish to purchase then try 'Right Clicking' on one of the pictures and then choosing 'Copy Image URL' from the list.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Then 'Paste' this information into your web browsers address bar and press 'Return'&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This should now take you to the website that the picture is linked to (Which is almost always the website that the Ebay Seller is buying the equipment from!)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Try it and let me know if you find any gems! infact why not show the links iby posting them into the comments box below?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;**************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;Renewable Energy UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Visit Our Home Brew Power Website&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/domestic-wind-turbine-for-my-house.html"&gt;Wind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Domestic Wind Turbines - Good Or Bad?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/solar-panels-for-my-shed-summerhouse.html"&gt;Solar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Solar Panels For Your Shed Or Summerhouse?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/search/label/Carbon%20Neutral"&gt;Carbon Neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;| Recent Posts Relating To 'Carbon Neutral'&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://alternative-energy-shop.blogspot.com/2008/02/babington-atomizing-burner-nozzles-for.html"&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burner&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;| Purchase Our Hand Made&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;WVO&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Burning&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Babington&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Nozzles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt; Generation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;**************************************************************&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;&lt;table border="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="1142"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"&gt;eBay offers a wide variety of features and services that enable members to buy and sell on the site quickly and conveniently. Buyers have the option to purchase items in auction-style format or items can be purchased at fixed price through a feature called Buy-It-Now. In addition, items at fixed price are also available Half.com, an eBay company. ebat motor, ebat uk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ebay Online Auction - ebey, ebat, Ebay Online Auction, ebau, rbay, Ebay Online Auction, dbay, sbay, ebzy, ebah, ebaj, &lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"&gt;People come to the eBay marketplace to buy and sell items across multiple categories, including antiques and art, books, business &amp;amp; industrial, cars &amp;amp; other vehicles, clothing &amp;amp; accessories, coins, collectibles, crafts, dolls &amp;amp; bears, electronics &amp;amp; computers, home furnishings, jewelry &amp;amp; watches, movies &amp;amp; DVDs, music, musical instruments, pottery &amp;amp; glass, real estate, sporting goods &amp;amp; memorabilia, stamps, tickets, toys &amp;amp; hobbies and travel. &lt;/span&gt;Ebay Online Auction, webay, rebay, ebay.couk, Ebay Online Auction, ebayco.uk, ebay uk.com, ebay co,ebai, &lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"&gt;ebat motor, ebat uk,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="  ;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12pt;"&gt;Ebat UK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ebay Online Auction - ebey, ebat, Ebay Online Auction, ebau, rbay, Ebay Online Auction, dbay, sbay, ebzy, ebah, ebaj, &lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"&gt;People come to the eBay marketplace to buy and sell items across multiple categories, including antiques and art, books, business &amp;amp; industrial, cars &amp;amp; other vehicles, clothing &amp;amp; accessories, coins, collectibles, crafts, dolls &amp;amp; bears, electronics &amp;amp; computers, home furnishings, jewelry &amp;amp; watches, movies &amp;amp; DVDs, music, musical instruments, pottery &amp;amp; glass, real estate, sporting goods &amp;amp; memorabilia, stamps, tickets, toys &amp;amp; hobbies and travel. &lt;/span&gt;Ebay Online Auction, webay, rebay, ebay.couk, Ebay Online Auction, ebayco.uk, ebay uk.com, ebay co,ebai, &lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"&gt;ebat motor, ebat uk,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-4676567693388095396?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/4676567693388095396/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/ebat-ebau-evay-enay-ebaycouk-ebaycom.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4676567693388095396'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/4676567693388095396'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/ebat-ebau-evay-enay-ebaycouk-ebaycom.html' title='Ebat, Ebau, Evay, Enay, Ebay.co.uk, Ebay.com, Ebay - Online Marketplace'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbOa_9lffaI/AAAAAAAAAVs/ENkDEACzZTc/s72-c/ebay-logo.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-7769346025466598548</id><published>2009-03-06T14:29:00.006Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.641+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='PPC'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dontations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Google Adsense'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Adsense'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Adverts'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Credit Crunch'/><title type='text'>Help Support HomeBrewPower - Visit Our Sponsors</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbEzdXeDKhI/AAAAAAAAAVk/Bfy8QisiBmA/s1600-h/google-adsense-logo.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 279px; height: 102px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbEzdXeDKhI/AAAAAAAAAVk/Bfy8QisiBmA/s400/google-adsense-logo.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310082015255800338" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;As this website is funded entirely by myself I would like to call to my readers and fans.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you see an interesting advert on the website, why not visit it and take a look. It gives me a couple of cents each time you do and every little helps in these hard times!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-7769346025466598548?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/7769346025466598548/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/help-support-homebrewpower-visit-our.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/7769346025466598548'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/7769346025466598548'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/help-support-homebrewpower-visit-our.html' title='Help Support HomeBrewPower - Visit Our Sponsors'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbEzdXeDKhI/AAAAAAAAAVk/Bfy8QisiBmA/s72-c/google-adsense-logo.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-7949197131121510535</id><published>2009-03-05T16:57:00.003Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.381+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Hot Water'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Water Heating'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Heater'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sunshine To Hot Water'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DIY Solar Hot Water Heater'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Solar Energy'/><title type='text'>Converting Sunshine To Solar Hot Water</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbAFQc0HFvI/AAAAAAAAAVc/AbUizrdTh0U/s1600-h/basic-solar-hot-water-system-layout.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 166px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbAFQc0HFvI/AAAAAAAAAVc/AbUizrdTh0U/s400/basic-solar-hot-water-system-layout.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309749740840621810" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Solar collectors (solar panels) mounted on a roof are connected to pipes containing a heating fluid mixture of water and antifreeze. When the sun heats up the solar collectors the hot fluid is pumped through the pipes to a heat exchange coil in the new solar hot water cylinder. Here the captured solar energy is transferred from the hot fluid in the coil to the household's hot water supply. The hot water in the cylinder is connected to the taps, shower, washing machine, etc in the usual way.&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;In order for the solar water heating system to run safely and efficiently, a range of valves are installed in the heating fluid circuit. A series of temperature sensors are connected to a digital solar controller to switch the system on or off according to the solar energy available.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;On days of limited sunlight, solar energy alone may not be sufficient to heat the household's water to a usable temperature. In this case your conventional boiler or your immersion heater (if fitted) can be used to further boost the temperature of the solar heated water.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;choosing the right system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;As with all technologies there are good and not so good solar water heating systems. When choosing a solar water heating system there are a number of points to consider:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;hot water storage cylinder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;The size of the hot water storage cylinder is generally determined by the amount of hot water your household uses in a day.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Typical daily hot water usage:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table width="374" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="font-size: 100%; "&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th width="31" scope="col" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th width="205" scope="col" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;appliance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th width="132" scope="col" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;volume (litres)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;standard sized bath&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;corner bath&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;shower / power shower&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;15-60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;washing machine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;kitchen sink&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;bathroom washbasin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;A new solar hot water storage cylinder is usually fitted in the airing cupboard replacing your existing storage cylinder. If the space around your existing storage cylinder is limited an alternative position or design can normally be agreed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;size and quantity of solar collectors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Allow around one square metre of collector surface area for every 45 - 50 litres of hot water to be stored.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;position of solar collector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Collectors in the UK work best when facing south and at an angle of around 35 degrees from the horizontal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;durability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;A well designed and constructed solar water heating system should provide many years of good service with little maintenance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;cost&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Assuming a life span in excess of 20 years, solar water heating offers good value for money when comparing the initial investment to the cost of a household's current heating fuels. The costs of conventional heating may increase over the years as existing oil and gas supplies diminish and 'pollution taxes' are levied.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;It is also important to consider the cost of electricity to run the solar heating system (pump, controls etc). For a typical home this is less than £5 per year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Solar water heating cannot be considered good value if the initial system cost is too expensive. For this reason it is important to shop around for a competitively priced system using high quality components.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-7949197131121510535?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/7949197131121510535/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/converting-sunshine-to-solar-hot-water.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/7949197131121510535'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/7949197131121510535'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/converting-sunshine-to-solar-hot-water.html' title='Converting Sunshine To Solar Hot Water'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SbAFQc0HFvI/AAAAAAAAAVc/AbUizrdTh0U/s72-c/basic-solar-hot-water-system-layout.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-3970168127319642488</id><published>2009-03-05T15:40:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.633+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Power Generation'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Micro Hydro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Microhydro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Low Impact Building'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Alternative Energy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renewable Energy'/><title type='text'>A HomeBrew Microhydro Plant</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa_zz-uAWcI/AAAAAAAAAVU/sSk4KXBVT2s/s1600-h/turbine.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa_zz-uAWcI/AAAAAAAAAVU/sSk4KXBVT2s/s400/turbine.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309730560027941314" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;div&gt;Here is a great website I stumbled upon this morning that I thought I would share with my followers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://ludens.cl/paradise/turbine/turbine.html"&gt;http://ludens.cl/paradise/turbine/turbine.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This guy has left the mainstream hustle and bustle of life and set up a homestead in the throws of Chile.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;He goes into great detail of how he has diverted a stream to power his MicroHydro Plant, it really is a remarkable feat of engineering. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-3970168127319642488?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://ludens.cl/paradise/turbine/turbine.html' title='A HomeBrew Microhydro Plant'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/3970168127319642488/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/homebrew-microhydro-plant.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/3970168127319642488'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/3970168127319642488'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/homebrew-microhydro-plant.html' title='A HomeBrew Microhydro Plant'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa_zz-uAWcI/AAAAAAAAAVU/sSk4KXBVT2s/s72-c/turbine.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-9191369468058907902</id><published>2009-03-04T10:24:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.115+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MARS Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Margenn'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MARS Turbine'/><title type='text'>MARS - Wind Power Anywhere! - Lighter Than Air Wind Turbine</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa5XRlz9kWI/AAAAAAAAAVM/X7LiSjfgrgU/s1600-h/magenn-002.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 298px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa5XRlz9kWI/AAAAAAAAAVM/X7LiSjfgrgU/s400/magenn-002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309276970435842402" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa5XRUOVWwI/AAAAAAAAAVE/1YIlSZLyr7A/s1600-h/magenn-001.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 298px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa5XRUOVWwI/AAAAAAAAAVE/1YIlSZLyr7A/s400/magenn-001.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5309276965714615042" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);   line-height: 12px; font-family:arial;font-size:10px;"&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;Magenn Power's MARS&lt;/b&gt; is a Wind Power Anywhere™ solution with distinct advantages over existing Conventional Wind Turbines and Diesel Generating Systems including: global deployment, lower costs, better operational performance, and greater environmental advantages.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;MARS is a lighter-than-air tethered wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy. This electrical energy is transferred down the 1000-foot tether for immediate use, or to a set of batteries for later use, or to the power grid. Helium sustains MARS and allows it to ascend to a higher altitude than traditional wind turbines. MARS captures the energy available in the 600 to 1000-foot low level and nocturnal jet streams that exist almost everywhere. MARS rotation also generates the "Magnus effect" which provides additional lift, keeps the MARS stabilized, and positions it within a very controlled and restricted location to adhere to FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) &amp;amp; Transport Canada guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Advantages of MARS over Conventional Wind Turbines:&lt;/b&gt; Wind Power Anywhere™ removes all placement limitations. Coast-line or off-shore locations are not necessary to capture higher speed winds. Reaching winds at 1,000-feet above ground level allow MARS to be installed closer to the grid. MARS is mobile and can be rapidly deployed, deflated, and redeployed without the need for towers or heavy cranes. MARS is bird and bat friendly with lower noise emissions and is capable of operating in a wider range of wind speeds - from 4 mph to greater than 60 mph.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Advantages of a MARS combined Wind and Diesel Solution over a Diesel Generator-only solution:&lt;/b&gt; MARS can complement a diesel generator by offering a combined diesel-wind power solution that delivers power below 20 cents per kWh. This compares to a wide range of 25 cents to 99 cents per kWh for diesel-alone, reflecting the high fuel and transportation costs in remote areas. The MARS combined solution allows lower pollution and green house gas emissions. It also results in lower handling, transporting, and storage costs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 120%; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;MARS Target Markets:&lt;/b&gt; Developing nations where infrastructure is limited or non existent; off-grid combined wind and diesel solutions for island nations, farms, remote areas, cell towers, exploration equipment, backup power &amp;amp; water pumps for natural gas mines; rapid deployment diesel &amp;amp; wind solutions (to include airdrop) to disaster areas for power to emergency and medical equipment, water pumps; on-grid applications for farms, factories, remote communities; and wind farm deployments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 14px;font-size:12px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-9191369468058907902?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/9191369468058907902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/mars-wind-power-anywhere-lighter-than.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/9191369468058907902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/9191369468058907902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/03/mars-wind-power-anywhere-lighter-than.html' title='MARS - Wind Power Anywhere! - Lighter Than Air Wind Turbine'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/Sa5XRlz9kWI/AAAAAAAAAVM/X7LiSjfgrgU/s72-c/magenn-002.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-9175690352722680247</id><published>2009-02-16T10:23:00.001Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.050+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Renewable Energy'/><title type='text'>Renewable Energy UK</title><content type='html'>12 volt led lighting&lt;br /&gt;12 volt lighting&lt;br /&gt;12 volt solar battery charger&lt;br /&gt;12 volt solar lighting&lt;br /&gt;12v solar battery charger&lt;br /&gt;alternative electricity uk&lt;br /&gt;alternative energy electric&lt;br /&gt;batteries for solar lights&lt;br /&gt;battery solar&lt;br /&gt;best clean electric&lt;br /&gt;best environment electric&lt;br /&gt;best green electric&lt;br /&gt;best green electricity&lt;br /&gt;best hydro power&lt;br /&gt;best hydro power electric&lt;br /&gt;best hydroelectric power&lt;br /&gt;best hydropower&lt;br 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class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-9175690352722680247?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/9175690352722680247/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/renewable-energy-uk.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/9175690352722680247'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/9175690352722680247'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/renewable-energy-uk.html' title='Renewable Energy UK'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-8569287188247915884</id><published>2009-02-13T00:22:00.005Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.314+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lincolnshire UFO Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Turbine Mystery Solved'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UFO'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UFO Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><title type='text'>Lincolnshire UFO Turbine Mystery Solved</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SZS9xw6k8BI/AAAAAAAAAUk/PWTxXdqAM-Y/s1600-h/ufo-wind-turbine.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 225px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SZS9xw6k8BI/AAAAAAAAAUk/PWTxXdqAM-Y/s400/ufo-wind-turbine.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302071323963748370" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Broken wind turbine mystery solved&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Speculation over what caused the mysterious destruction of a giant wind turbine in northern England - with everything from UFOs to the freezing winter weather taking the blame - was put to rest, after the culprit was found to be a mundane broken bolt.&lt;br /&gt;Residents of Conisholme in Lincolnshire, last month, discovered that a 21.9-metre long metal blade was torn off a turbine at their local wind farm while another was badly damaged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some even reported seeing strange lights streaking towards the wind farm, prompting conjecture of a UFO collision with one of the 213-foot tall turbines.&lt;br /&gt;It was unclear exactly when the crash would have occurred.&lt;br /&gt;Local councillor and turkey farmer Robert Palmer said he saw a bright white light with an orange edge as he drove close to the turbine on Sunday morning .&lt;br /&gt;The turbine manufacturer Enercon, however published preliminary results of its investigation on Tuesday saying that a broken bolt was responsible for the mishap.&lt;br /&gt;The firm said that the bolts securing the blade to the turbine's hub "exhibited classic signs of fatigue failure".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It added that though the bolts themselves had shown no flaws, it appears that a component part on either side had "induced stress in the bolts beyond their design limits".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Guardian newspaper on its part claimed to have solved a part of the mystery, revealing that the "strange lights" had almost certainly been caused by a firework display hosted by the parents of Emily Bell, the paper's director of digital content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dale Vince, Ecotricity's managing director, had earlier told the BBC that the UFO theory was "the best ... that we have currently got", though he added that a cow-sized piece of ice, perhaps falling from a passing plane, can also be responsible.&lt;br /&gt;Vince now admitted that the Enercon report, was "a bit disappointing", though he defended his stand to consider the possibility of alien involvement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Personally I believe in life from other galaxies, and a lot of people do. I can say, however, at this stage we have eliminated collision and therefore aliens," he said.&lt;br /&gt;Despite the revelation Vince is not quite ready to accept that the mystery was definitively solved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I still don't think the fireworks explained the flashing lights ... they don't tend to hang around in the way these lights are said to have done. There was no scorching, nothing burned or melted, so the lights, whatever they were, were certainly not associated with the turbine failure," he added.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-8569287188247915884?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/8569287188247915884/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/lincolnshire-ufo-turbine-mystery-solved.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8569287188247915884'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/8569287188247915884'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/lincolnshire-ufo-turbine-mystery-solved.html' title='Lincolnshire UFO Turbine Mystery Solved'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SZS9xw6k8BI/AAAAAAAAAUk/PWTxXdqAM-Y/s72-c/ufo-wind-turbine.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-2749823360360992393</id><published>2009-02-13T00:03:00.007Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.069+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='diy.com'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='B Q'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3 Rolls Of Loft insulation for £3.00'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cheapest Loft Insulation'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='B Q Offers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='B Q Loft Insulation'/><title type='text'>B&amp;Q 3 Rolls Of Loft Insulation For £3 Offer</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SZS7XGvFd_I/AAAAAAAAAUc/XaUBz7H_U0Y/s1600-h/B-and-Q-loft-insulation.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SZS7XGvFd_I/AAAAAAAAAUc/XaUBz7H_U0Y/s400/B-and-Q-loft-insulation.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302068666941405170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;B&amp;Q are offering 3 rolls of loft insulation for £3.00.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The TV advert is currently running on UK Digital TV and as of 00:04 13th February 2009 the http://www.diy.com B&amp;Q DIY website is down (Crashed)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I would suggest that anyone wanting lost insulation for any pending or future projects get themselves to a B&amp;Q store near you tomorrow and take them up on this great offer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;British Gas have been able to do a deal with the UK government and secure the deal to anyone in the UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The scheme is backed by the Government's Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) scheme and is meant only for the general public. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More tomorrow on this offer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Loft insulation can be used for a number of homebrew type projects including Solar hot water panels, Wall insulation, Loft insulation, Boarding out lofts, heat proofing wood stoves and much more.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I believe they have limited the offer to 15 rolls per person, the loft insulation comes in a three 3 pack with perforations so you are actually paying £3.00 per pack.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-2749823360360992393?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='enclosure' type='' href='http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk' length='0'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/2749823360360992393/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/b-3-rolls-of-loft-insulation-for-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/2749823360360992393'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/2749823360360992393'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/b-3-rolls-of-loft-insulation-for-3.html' title='B&amp;Q 3 Rolls Of Loft Insulation For £3 Offer'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SZS7XGvFd_I/AAAAAAAAAUc/XaUBz7H_U0Y/s72-c/B-and-Q-loft-insulation.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-5867485400676920598</id><published>2009-02-12T09:10:00.004Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.322+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protos Plant Oil Stove'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Siemens Protos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Purchase Protos Stove UK'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protos Stove For Sale'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plant Oil Stove'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protos Burner'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Purchase Protos Stove'/><title type='text'>Siemens Protos Plant Oil Stove Update Video February 2009</title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- START CUSTOM WIDGETBUCKS CODE --&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;script src="http://api.widgetbucks.com/script/ads.js?uid=7wgGXUSlgvw5oAtb"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- END CUSTOM WIDGETBUCKS CODE --&gt;&lt;div&gt;Here is the latest video on the Siemens Protos Plant Oil Stove.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Protos plant oil stove is a cooker / burner capable of running on Veg Oil, WVO, Peanut Oil, Coconut Oil and many other vegetable oils.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;They are currently been produced in developing countries to enable poverty stricken countries a way of cooking and running businesses without using wood or charcoal as their primary heating source.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I hope that the Protos plant oil stove will become available within Europe / UK so the technology can be adapted into central heating systems and CHP / CHAP &amp;amp; MCHP systems.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Only time will tell.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;embed style="height:365px !important; width:400px !important;" src="http://xml.truveo.com/eb/i/3224940501/a/58ef677afb89fc040e3dec6de7dd6c26/p/1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width=" 425" height=" 355" flashvars="autoplay=1"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-5867485400676920598?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/5867485400676920598/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/siemens-protos-plant-oil-stove-update.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/5867485400676920598'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/5867485400676920598'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/02/siemens-protos-plant-oil-stove-update.html' title='Siemens Protos Plant Oil Stove Update Video February 2009'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-6182411641575894497</id><published>2009-01-09T22:14:00.003Z</published><updated>2009-02-01T15:33:04.283Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine Installer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UFO'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Farm'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UFO Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Genertor'/><title type='text'>UFO blamed for the wrecked wind turbine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SWfMRe0aZOI/AAAAAAAAAUA/VnBiSLkncP4/s1600-h/ufo-wind-turbine.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SWfMRe0aZOI/AAAAAAAAAUA/VnBiSLkncP4/s400/ufo-wind-turbine.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well it seems that a wind turbine has been severely damaged in Lincolnshire and a UFO may be to blame! It strikes me as strange that intelligent life has navigated across the universe only to crash into a turbine! I would suggest that the turbine has had a major mechanical failure which has sheared a blade from the hub and the falling blade has damaged another one on the way down.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Would not like the estimated £250,000.00 bill for the repairs to the turbine! The gearbox and generator were completely fried as well!&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Andy Mahoney&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="style1"&gt;Home Brew Power&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="style1"&gt;Off-Grid Power Installer - UK)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;www.homebrewpower.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Mobile: 07504 50 50 89&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- START CUSTOM WIDGETBUCKS CODE --&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;script src="http://api.widgetbucks.com/script/ads.js?uid=7wgGXUSlgvw5oAtb"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- END CUSTOM WIDGETBUCKS CODE --&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-6182411641575894497?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/6182411641575894497/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/01/ufo-blamed-for-wrecked-wind-turbine.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6182411641575894497'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/6182411641575894497'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/01/ufo-blamed-for-wrecked-wind-turbine.html' title='UFO blamed for the wrecked wind turbine'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SWfMRe0aZOI/AAAAAAAAAUA/VnBiSLkncP4/s72-c/ufo-wind-turbine.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-5774335412613922261</id><published>2009-01-06T08:26:00.002Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.636+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protos Plant Oil Stove'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Plant Oil Stove'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protos Burner'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protos Stove'/><title type='text'>Protos Plant Oil Stove Update</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Filipino scientists develop environment-friendly cooking with  'Protos'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"&gt; &lt;p&gt;MANILA, Dec 5 (PNA) -- Responding to mounting calls to act on climate change,  residents of Leyte turn to environmen-friendly stove that uses plant oil as  fuel, instead of liquefied petroleum gas, in cooking their foods.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Protos, a locally-manufactured environment-friendly technology first noticed  by Germany-based company BSH Bosch and Siemens Home Appliances Group, can run on  coconut oil which emits lower carbon monoxide.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aside from coconut, other suitable plants are palm, sunflower, castor, corn,  soybean, and jatropha, expert from Visayas State University (VSU) Dr. Roberto C.  Guarte said.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;"Generally, its overall performance is almost the same as gas stove and much  better than other local stoves in terms of cost of operation, safety, carbon  monoxide emission, and sustainability," he said.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The stove consists of a tank, pump, frame, valve, fuel line, and a vaporizer  originally made at the University of Hohenheim and acquired by BSH Group in  Germany.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Traditional stove, uses firewood, hence resulting in depletion of forest  resources and often lead to ecological disasters like erosion and flooding.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smoke from burning firewood damages human health - such as eye and lungs -  and aggravates air pollution.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;LPG stove on the other hand emits high levels of carbon monoxide, a chemical  that harms the environment. This type is also too expensive to majority of the  Filipinos.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Protos has been tested by 100 households in selected areas in Leyte, which  yielded a monthly average of 11.64 liters per month of plant oil consumption at  a daily cooking time of 1.53 hours.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Six small restaurants at the VSU market also tested the device and consumed  an average of about 28 liters per month at an average daily cooking time of 5.24  hours.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Guarte also said that commercial production of the plant oil stove can  provide Net Present Value of P666,017 and Internal Rate of Return of 25 percent  and Benefit Cost Ratio of 1.02.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This was based on a computed financial analysis, as of year 2007, the  Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and  Development (DOST-PCARRD) said.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The VSU engineering workshop produces 1,500 units of plant oil cook stove per  year in coordination with BSH Group in Germany.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;VSU established a complete production line to ensure sustainable production  of the plant oil stove for marketing and distribution in Region 8.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"&gt;By expanding its production to cooperatives, this project has a potential to  help create jobs in the rural areas, provide income to the poor, and  cooperatives with additional profits, hence bringing not only environmental, but  also economic and social benefits, the PCARRD said. (PNA)&lt;br /&gt;DCT/MPC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Kind regards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Andy Mahoney&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Home Brew Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span c&lt;br /&gt;lass="style1"&gt;Off-Grid Power Installer - UK)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;www.homebrewpower.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Mobile: 07504 50 50 89&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- START CUSTOM WIDGETBUCKS CODE --&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;script src="http://api.widgetbucks.com/script/ads.js?uid=7wgGXUSlgvw5oAtb"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- END CUSTOM WIDGETBUCKS CODE --&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21604440-5774335412613922261?l=homebrewpower.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/feeds/5774335412613922261/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/01/protos-plant-oil-stove-update.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/5774335412613922261'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21604440/posts/default/5774335412613922261'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://homebrewpower.blogspot.com/2009/01/protos-plant-oil-stove-update.html' title='Protos Plant Oil Stove Update'/><author><name>Andy Mahoney</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13386581843101194785</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp1.blogger.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/R4o-V1g-NXI/AAAAAAAAAAM/XaIRLiZ9Jvs/S220/HBP-Small.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21604440.post-2143279956690053987</id><published>2008-11-04T18:00:00.001Z</published><updated>2009-04-04T00:31:48.629+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Alone In The Wilderness'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wind Turbine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dick Proenneke'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Living Alone'/><title type='text'>Alone In  The Wilderness By Dick Proenneke - £5.00 Via Download</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SRCNvbvPnuI/AAAAAAAAAT4/bwaYFRvf-Wk/s1600-h/Folder.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGj0XFVwFGw/SRCNvbvPnuI/AAAAAAAAAT4/bwaYFRvf-Wk/s400/Folder.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alone in the Wilderness Via Direct Download: Only £5.00 Via Paypal, simply send an email to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:shop@homebrewpower.co.uk"&gt;shop@homebrewpower.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; requesting a payment link and i'll do the rest for you. Once you pay a secure link will be sent via our website to enable you to download the film.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Dick Proenneke retired at age 50 in 1967 and decided to build his own cabin on the shore of Twin Lakes. The first summer he scouted for the best cabin site, and cut and peeled the logs he would need for his cabin. Dick Proenneke returned the next summer to finish the cabin where he lived for over 30 years. Dick filmed his adventures, and Bob Swerer later turned the film into a video so we can all watch this amazing man build his cabin by hand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Kind regards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Andy Mahoney&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Home Brew Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Off-Grid Power Installer - UK)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.homebrewpower.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;www.homebrewpower.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;Mobile: 07504 50 50 89&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;HomeBrewPower Yahoo Group On Carbon Neutral Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/"&gt;&lt;span class="style1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://groups.yahoo.com/group/homebrewpower/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style='clear:both; 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/* 468x15, created 23/08/08 */ google_ad_slot = "3074892279"; google_ad_width = 468; google_ad_height = 15; //--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Projects for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;HomeBrewPower&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;HomeBrewPower Series &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bionics for the HomeBrewPower: 25 Build-it-Yourself &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Projects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Electronic Circuits for the HomeBrewPower: 57 Lessons &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with Projects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Electronic Gadgets for the HomeBrewPower: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;28 Build-it-Yourself Projects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Electronic Games for the HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Electronic Sensors for the HomeBrewPower: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;54 Electrifying Projects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;50 Awesome Auto Projects for the HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;50 Model Rocket Projects for the HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mechatronics for the HomeBrewPower: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;25 Build-it-Yourself Projects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;MORE Electronic Gadgets for the HomeBrewPower: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;40 NEW Build-it-Yourself Projects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;101 Spy Gadgets for the HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;123 PIC® Microcontroller Experiments for the Evil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Genius &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;123 Robotics Experiments for the HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PC Mods for the HomeBrewPower: 25 Custom Builds to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Turbocharge Your Computer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Energy Projects for the HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;25 Home Automation Projects for the HomeBrewPower&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;GAVIN D. J. HARPER &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Projects for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;HomeBrewPower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Singapore Sydney Toronto&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;0-07-150910-0 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-147772-1. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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If &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you’d like more information about this book, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its author, or related books and websites, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;please click here. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Professional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Want to learn more?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;v &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To the late Mr. P. Kaufman &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who never failed to make science exciting&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1 Why Solar? 1 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2 The Solar Resource 9 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3 Positioning Your Solar Devices 17 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 1: Build a Solar-Powered Clock! 20 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 2: Build Your Own Heliodon 22 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 3: Experimenting with Light &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rays and Power 25 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4 Solar Heating 27 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 4: Build Your Own Flat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Plate Collector 31 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 5: Solar Heat Your Swimming &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pool 33 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 6: Useful Circuits for Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Heating 35 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5 Solar Cooling 39 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 7: Solar-Powered Ice-Maker 42 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6 Solar Cooking 45 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 8: Build a Solar Hot Dog Cooker 46 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 9: Build a Solar Marshmallow &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Melter 48 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 10: Cook Eggs on Your Driveway &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Using the Sun 49 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 11: Build a Solar Cooker 50 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 12: Build a Solar Camping &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Stove 51 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7 Solar Stills 55 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 13: Build a Window-Sill &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Demonstration Solar Still 56 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 14: Build a Pit-Type Solar Still 57 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 15: Build a Solar Basin Still 58 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;8 Solar Collectors 61 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 16: Build Your Own “Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Death Ray” 64 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 17: Build Your Own Parabolic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dish Concentrator 69 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 18: Experiment with Fresnel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lens Concentrators 72 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;9 Solar Pumping 75 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 19: Build a Solar-Powered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fountain 76 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10 Solar Photovoltaics 81 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 20: Grow Your Own “Silicon” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Crystals 85 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 21: Build Your Own &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Thin-Film” Solar Cell 87 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 22: Experimenting with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Current–Voltage Characteristics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a Solar Cell 92 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 23: Experimenting with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Current–Voltage Characteristics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of Solar Cells in Series 93 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 24: Experimenting with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Cells in Parallel 93 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 25: Experiment with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Inverse Square Law” 94 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 26: Experimenting with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Different Types of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Light Sources 96 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 27: Experimenting with Direct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Diffuse Radiation 96 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 28: Measurement of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Albedo Radiation” 99 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;11 Photochemical Solar Cells 105 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 29: Build Your Own &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photochemical Solar Cell 107 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;12 Solar Engines 113 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 30: Build a Solar Bird &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Engine 113 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 31: Make a Radial Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Can Engine 116 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;vii &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Contents &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For more information about this title, click here&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;viii Contents &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;13 Solar Electrical Projects 119 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 32: Build Your Own Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Battery Charger 119 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 33: Build Your Own Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Phone Charger 120 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 34: Build Your Own &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar-Powered Radio 123 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 35: Build Your Own &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar-Powered Torch 124 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 36: Build Your Own Solar- &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Powered Warning Light 126 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 37: Build Your Own Solar- &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Powered Garden Light 127 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;14 Tracking the Sun 129 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 38: Simple Solar Tracker 130 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;15 Solar Transport 135 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 39: Build Your Own Solar Car 137 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 40: Hold Your Own Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Car Race 142 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 41: Souping Up Your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Vehicle 143 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 42: Supercharge Your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solaroller 143 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 43: Build Your Own Solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Airship 146 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;16 Solar Robotics? 149 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 44: Assembling Your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photopopper Photovore 153 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;17 Solar Hydrogen Partnership 161 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 45: Generating Hydrogen &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Using Solar Energy 164 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 46: Using Stored Hydrogen &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to Create Electricity 168 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18 Photosynthesis—Fuel from the Sun 171 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 47: Proving Biofuel Requires &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Energy 177 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 48: Proving Biofuel Requires &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water 177 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 49: Looking at the Light- &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Absorption Properties of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chlorophyll 178 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 50: Make Your Own Biodiesel 180 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Appendix A: Solar Projects on the Web 185 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Appendix B: Supplier’s Index 188 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Index 195&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gavin Harper’s book Solar Energy Projects for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;HomeBrewPower is a “must read” for every sentient &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;human on this planet with a conscience, a belief in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the bottom line, or a simple belief in the future of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;humanity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At a time when such a book should be offered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as suggested reading for the 19-year-old &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gavin Harper, he’s bucking the trend by actually &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;being the author. Okay, so he’s written a book on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy you say, big deal you say. You would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be wrong. Not only is this Gavin’s fourth book, it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is nothing short of pure genius. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To be able to write about solar energy is one thing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;But to possess the ability to put the knowledge of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy into layman’s terms, while including &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;examples of do-it-yourself projects which make &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the practical applications obvious, gives this boy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;genius the “street cred” (industry savvy) he so very &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;much deserves. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is a “how-to” book, which debunks the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;myth that “these things are decades away,” and, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;without exception, should be in every classroom &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;under the same sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So crack this book, turn on your solar light, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sit back for a ride into our “present”… as in “gift” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from God. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Willie Nelson &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ix &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Foreword &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;x&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are always a lot of thank-yous to be said with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;any book, and this one is no exception. There are a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lot of people that I would like to thank immensely &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for material, inspiration, ideas, and help—all of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which have fed in to make this book what it is. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, a tremendous thank-you to the staff &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and students of the MSc. Architecture: Advanced &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Environmental &amp;amp; Energy Studies course at the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Centre for Alternative Technology, U.K. I never &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cease to be amazed by the enthusiasm, passion, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and excitement members of the course exude. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I’d like to say a big thank-you to Dr. Greg P. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Smestad, for his help and advice on photochemical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells. Dr. Smestad has taken leading-edge research, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;straight from the lab, and turned it into an accessible &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;experiment that can be enjoyed by young scientists &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of all ages. I would also like to thank Alan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Brown at the NASA Dryden Flight Research &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Center for the information he provided on solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;flight for Chapter 15. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also a big thank-you to Ben Robinson and the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;guys at Dulas Ltd. for their help in procuring &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;images, and for setting a great example by showing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how companies can be sustainable and ethical. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I’d also like to thank Hubert Stierhof for sharing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;his ideas about solar Stirling engines, and Jamil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Shariff for his advice on Stirling engines and for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;continuing to be inspirational. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thanks also to Tim Godwin and Oliver &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sylvester-Bradley at SolarCentury, and to Andrew &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Harris at Schuco for sharing with me some of their &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar installations. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;An immense thank-you to Dave and Cheryl &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hrynkiw and Rebecca Bouwseman at Solarbotics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for sharing their insight on little solar-powered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;critters, and for providing the coupon in the back &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the book so that you can enjoy some of their &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;merchandise for a little less. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A massive thank-you to Kay Larson, Quinn &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Larson, Matt Flood, and Jason Burch at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fuelcellstore.com for helping me find my way &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with fuel cells, and for being inspirational and letting &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;me experiment with their equipment. It would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also be wrong not to mention H2 the cat, who was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;terrific company throughout the process of learning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about fuel cells. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also, many thanks to Annie Nelson, and Bob &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Kelly King of Pacific Biodiesel for providing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;me with some amazing opportunities to learn about &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;biodiesel. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thanks to Michael Welch at Home Power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;magazine, and also to Jaroslav Vanek, Mark &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Moth” Green, and Steven Vanek, the designers of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the fantastic solar ice-maker featured in Chapter 5. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Their solar-powered ice-maker has already proven &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its immense worth in the developing world … and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;if you guys at home start building them at home &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and switching off your air-con and freezers, they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stand to be a big hit in the developed world as well. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A big thank-you to my grandfather, who has &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;seen the mess upstairs and manages to tolerate it, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to my grandmother who hears about the mess &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;upstairs and does not realize its magnitude, and to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ella who does a good job of keeping the mess &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;within sensible limits—and knows when to keep &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quiet about it. Thanks are also long overdue to my &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dad, who is always immensely helpful in providing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;practical advice when it comes to how to build &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;things, and to my mum who manages to keep life &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;going when I have got my head in a laptop. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A huge thank-you to Judy Bass, my fantastic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;editor in New York who has been great throughout &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the trials and tribulations of bringing this book to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;print, and to the tremendous Andy Baxter (and the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rest of his team at Keyword) who has managed to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stay cool as a cucumber and provide constant reassurance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;throughout the editing process. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Acknowledgments &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why Solar? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 1 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In everyday life, we consume a tremendous &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amount of energy. Our lives are styled around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consumption—consumption of natural resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and consumption of energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-1 dramatically illustrates where all of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this energy goes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These figures are for a U.K. lifestyle, but we can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;take this as being representative for people who &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;live in the “developed world.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The bulk of our energy consumption goes on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;space heating—58%—this is something that can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;easily be provided for with passive solar design. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next is water heating, which requires 24% of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy which we use—again, we will see in this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;book how we can easily heat water with solar energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So already we have seen that we can meet 82% &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of our energy needs with solar technologies! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next 13% of our energy is used to provide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electrical power for our lights and home. In &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 10 on solar photovoltaics, we will see how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we can produce clean electricity from solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with no carbon emissions. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The remaining 5% is all used for cooking— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;again we will see in this book how easy it is to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cook with the power of the sun! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So we have seen that all of our energy needs can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be met with solar technologies. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why solar? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The short answer to this question, albeit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not the most compelling is “Why not solar?” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-1 Domestic energy use. Information extracted from DTI publication “Energy Consumption in the United &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kingdom.” You can download this information from www.dti.gov.uk. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar energy is clean, green, free, and best of all, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;isn’t going to be going anywhere for about the next &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;five billion years—now I don’t know about you, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but when the sun does eventually expire, I for one &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will be pushing up the daisies, not looking on with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;my eclipse glasses. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the longer, more compelling answer, you are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;going to have to read the rest of this chapter. At the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;end, I hope that you will be a solar convert and be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thinking of fantastic ways to utilize this amazing, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;environmentally friendly, Earth-friendly technology. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If we look at North America as an example, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can see that there is a real solar energy resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Figure 1-2). While the majority of this is concentrated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the West, there is still enough solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to be economically exploited in the rest of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;U.S.A.! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Renewable versus &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nonrenewable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At present, the bulk of our energy comes from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fossil fuels—gas, coal, and oil. Fossil fuels are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hydrocarbons, that is to say that if we look at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;them chemically, they are wholly composed of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hydrogen and carbon atoms. The thing about &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hydrocarbons is that, when combined with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oxygen in the air and heat, they react exothermically &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(they give out heat). This heat is useful, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and is used directly as a useful form of energy in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;itself, or is converted into other forms of energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;like kinetic or electrical energy that can be used &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to “do some work,” in other words, perform a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;useful function. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2 Why Solar? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-2 North American solar resource. Image courtesy Department of Energy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So where did all these &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fossil fuels come from . . . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and can’t we get some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OK, first of all, the answer is in the question— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fossils. Fossil fuels are so named because they are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;formed from the remains of animals and plants that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;were around a loooooong time ago. The formation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of these fuels took place in the carboniferous period &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which in turn was part of the Paleozoic era, around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;360 to 286 million years ago. This would have been &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an interesting time to live—the world was covered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in lots and lots of greenery, big ferns, lush verdant &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;forests of plants. The oceans and seas were full of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;algae—essentially lots of small green plants. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although there are some coal deposits from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when T-Rex was king, in the late cretaceous period &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;around 65 million years ago, the bulk of fossil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fuels were formed in the carboniferous period. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So what happened to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make the fossil fuels? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Well, the plants died, and over time, layers of rock &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and sediment and more dead stuff built up on top &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of these carbon-rich deposits. Over many years, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tremendous heat and pressure built up by these &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;layers compressed the dead matter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We have only recently &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;started to worry about &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fossil fuels—surely we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have time yet? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is an incorrect assumption. For some time, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;people have prophesized the end of the fossil fuel age. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When the Industrial Revolution was in fullswing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Augustin Mouchout wondered whether the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;supply of fossil fuels would be able to sustain the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Industrial Revolution indefinitely. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Eventually industry will no longer find in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Europe the resources to satisfy its prodigious &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expansion. Coal will undoubtedly be used up. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What will industry do then?” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fossil fuel emissions &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a peek at Figure 1-3. It is pretty shocking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stuff! It shows how our fossil fuel emissions have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;increased dramatically over the past century—this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;massive amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has dire implications for the delicate balance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of our ecosystem and could eventually lead to runaway &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;climate change. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hubbert’s peak and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Peak Oil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Back in 1956 an American geophysicist by the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;name of Marion King Hubbert presented a paper to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the American Petroleum Institute. He said that oil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;production in the U.S.A. would peak toward the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;end of the 1960s, and would peak worldwide in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;year 2000. In fact, U.S. oil production did peak at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the beginning of the 1970s, so this wasn’t a bad &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prediction; however, the rest of the theory contains &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a dire warning. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The theory states that production of fossil fuels &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;follows a bell-shaped curve, where production &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;begins to gradually increase, then as the technology &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;becomes mainstream there is a sharp upturn in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;production, followed by a flattening off when production &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has to continue against rising costs. As the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;costs of extraction increase, production begins to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plateau, and then fall—falling sharply at first, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;then rapidly. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why Solar?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is illustrated in Figure 1-4. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This means that, if we have crossed the peak, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our supplies of fossil fuels are going to begin &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to drop rapidly—when you think about how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reliant we are on fossil fuels, this means that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there is going to be a rapid impact on our way &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of life. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So have we crossed the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;peak, and is there any &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;evidence to support this? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The International Energy Agency has stated that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy production is in decline in 33 out of the 48 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;largest world oil producers. So, probably yes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the same way that there is Peak Oil, there is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also Peak Coal, Peak Gas and Peak Uranium. All &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of these resources are in finite supply and will not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;last forever. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This means that those who believe that heavy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;investment in nuclear is the answer might be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in for a shock. Nuclear has been touted by many &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as a means of plugging the “energy hole” left &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when fossil fuels run out; however, everyone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the world is facing the same problems—if &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;everyone switches to nuclear power, the rate at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which uranium is consumed will greatly increase. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4 Why Solar? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-3 How our fossil fuel emissions have increased. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-4 Depiction of the “Peak Oil” scenario.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A few other reasons &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;why nuclear is a dumb &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;option &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nuclear power really is pretty dangerous—talking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about nuclear safety is a bit of a myth. Nuclear &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power stations are a potential target for terrorists, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and if we want to encourage a clean, safe world, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nuclear is not the way to go. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nuclear makes bad financial sense. When the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fledgling nuclear power industry began to build &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power stations, the industry was heavily subsidized &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as nuclear was a promising new technology &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that promised “electricity too cheap to meter.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Unfortunately, those free watts never really materialized—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I don’t know about you, but my power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;company has never thrown in a few watts produced &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cheaply by nuclear power. Solar on the other hand &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is the gift that keeps on giving—stick some photovoltaics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on your roof and they will pump out free &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;watts for many years to come with virtually zero &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;maintenance. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Decommissioning is another big issue—just &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because you don’t know what to do with something &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when you finish with it isn’t an argument to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ignore it. Would you like a drum of nuclear waste &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sitting in your garden? All the world round, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;haven’t got a clue where to stick this stuff. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;U.S.A. has bold plans to create Yucca mountain, a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;repository for nuclear waste—but even if this happens, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the problem doesn’t go away—it is simply &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consolidated. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Environmental &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;responsibility &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Until cheap accessible space travel becomes a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reality, and let’s face it, that’s not happening soon, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we only have one planet. Therefore, we need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make the most of it. The earth only has so many &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resources that can be exploited, when these run &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;out we need to find alternatives, and where there &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are no alternatives then we will surely be very &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stuck. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mitigating climate change &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is now widely acknowledged that climate change &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is happening, and that it is caused by man-made &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;events. Of course, there is always the odd scientist, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who wants to wave a flag, get some publicity and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;say that it is natural and that there is nothing we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can do about it, but the consensus is that the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;extreme changes that we are seeing in recent times &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are a result of our actions over the past couple of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hundred years. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sir David King, the U.K.’s Chief Scientific &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Advisor says that climate change is “the most &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;severe problem that we are facing today—more &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;serious even than the threat of terrorism.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So how can we use solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you start to think about it, it is surprising &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how many of the different types of energy sources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;around us actually come from the sun and solardriven &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;processes. Take a look at Figure 1-5 which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;illustrates this. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can see how all of the energy sources in this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;figure actually come from the sun! Even the fossil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fuels which we are burning at an unsustainable rate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at the moment, actually originally came from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun. Fossil fuels are the remains of dead animal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and plant matter that have been subject to extreme &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;temperature and pressure over millions of years. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Those animals fed on the plants that were around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at the time (and other animals) and those plants &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;grew as a result of the solar energy that was falling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on the earth. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why Solar?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Biomass therefore is a result of solar energy— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;additionally, biomass takes carbon dioxide out of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the atmosphere. When we burn it we simply put &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;back the carbon dioxide that was taken out in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;first place—the only carbon emissions are a result &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of processing and transportation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Looking at hydropower, you might wonder &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how falling water is a result of the sun, but it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;important to note that the hydrological cycle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is driven by the sun. So we can say that hydropower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is also the result of a solar-driven &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;process. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wind power might seem disconnected from solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy; however, the wind is caused by air rushing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from an area of high pressure to an area of low &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pressure—the changes in pressure are caused by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6 Why Solar? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-5 Energy sources. Image courtesy Christopher Harper.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun heating air, and so yet again we have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;another solar-driven process! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tidal power is not a result of the sun—the tides &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that encircle the earth are a result of the gravitational &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pull that the moon has on the bodies of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water that cover our planet. However, wave power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which has a much shorter period, is a result of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the wind blowing on the surface of the water—just &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as the wind is a solar-driven process, so is wave &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So where does our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy come from at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the moment? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Let’s look at where the U.S.A. gets its energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from—as it is representative of many western &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;countries. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If we look at the U.S.A.’s energy consumption, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we can see (Figure 1-6) that most of our energy at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the moment is produced from fossil fuels. This is a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;carbon-intensive economy which relies on imports &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of carbon-based fossil fuels from other countries, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;notably the Middle East. Unfortunately, this puts &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;America in a position where it is dependent on oil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;imported from other countries—politically, this is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not the best position to be in. Next we look at hydropower, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which produces around 7% of America’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electricity. Things like aluminum smelters, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;require large inputs of electricity, are often located &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;near to hydropower schemes because they produce &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an abundance of cheap electricity. Finally the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“others” account for 5% of America’s electricity &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;production. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is these “others” that include things such as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar power, wind powers and wave and tidal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power. It is this sector that we need to grow in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to make energy supply more sustainable and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;decrease our reliance on fossil fuels. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This book is primarily concerned with development &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the solar energy resource. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The nuclear lobby argue that nuclear is “carbon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;neutral” as the plants do not produce carbon dioxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in operation; however, this does not take into &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;account the massive input of energy used to construct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the plant, move the fuel, and decommission the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plant. All of this energy (generally speaking) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;comes from high-carbon sources. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So we must look at the two remaining alternatives &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to provide our energy—hydro and “others.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why Solar? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 1-6 Where the United States’ energy comes from.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are limits to how much extra hydroelectric &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;capacity can be built. Hydroelectricity relies on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;suitable geographic features like a valley or basin &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which can be flooded. Also, there are devastating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;effects for the ecosystems in the region where the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hydro plant will be built, as a result of the largescale &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;flooding which must take place to provide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the water for the scheme. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Micro-hydro offers an interesting alternative. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rather than flooding large areas, micro-hydro &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;schemes can rely on small dams built on small &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rivers or streams, and do not entail the massive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;infrastructure that large hydro projects do. While &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they produce a lot less power, they are an interesting &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;area to look at. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So all this is new right? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nope . . . Augustin Mouchot, a name we will see a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;couple of times in this book said in 1879: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“One must not believe, despite the silence of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;modern writings, that the idea of using solar heat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for mechanical operations is recent.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;8 Why Solar?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Solar Resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Some 92.95 × 106 miles away from us, or for those &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;working in metric 149.6 × 106 km away from us is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun (Figure 2-1). To imagine the magnitude of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this great distance, think that light, which travels at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an amazing 299,792,458 meters per second, takes a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;total of 8.31 minutes to reach us. You might like to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;do a thought experiment at this point, and imagine &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;yourself traveling in an airplane across America. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At a speed of around 500 miles per hour, this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would take you four hours. Now, if you were traveling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at the speed of light, you could fly around the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;earth at the equator about seven and a half times in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;one second. Now imagine traveling at that speed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for 8.31 minutes, and you quickly come to realize &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that it is a long way away. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Not only is it a long way away, but it’s also &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pretty huge! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It has a diameter of 864,950 miles; again, if you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are working to metric standards that equates to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1.392 million km. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although the sun is incredibly far away—it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also tremendously huge! This means that although &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you would think that relatively little solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reaches us, in fact, the amount of solar radiation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that reaches us is equal to 10,000 times the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;annual global energy consumption. On average, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1,700 kWh per square meter is insolated every &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;year. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now doesn’t it seem a silly idea digging miles &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;beneath the earth’s surface to extract black rock &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and messy black liquid to burn, when we have this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amazing energy resource falling on the earth’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surface? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As the solar energy travels on its journey to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;earth, approximately 19% of the energy is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;absorbed by the atmosphere that surrounds the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;earth, and then another 35% is absorbed by clouds. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once the solar energy hits the earth, the journey &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;doesn’t stop there as further losses are incurred in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the technology that converts this solar energy to a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;useful form—a form that we can actually do some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;useful work with. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How does the sun work? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sun is effectively a massive nuclear reactor. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you consider that we have such an incredibly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;huge nuclear reactor in the neighborhood &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;already, it seems ridiculous that some folks want to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;build more! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sun is constantly converting hydrogen to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;helium, minute by minute, second by second. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;9 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-1 The sun. Image courtesy NASA. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;But what stops the sun from exploding in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;massive thermonuclear explosion?—simple &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gravity! The sun is caught in a constant struggle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between wanting to expand outwards as a result of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the energy of all the complex reactions occurring &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inside it, and the massive amount of gravity as a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;result of its enormous amount of matter, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wants to pull everything together. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;All of the atoms inside the sun are attracted to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;each other, this produces a massive compression &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which is trying to “squeeze” the sun inwards. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Meanwhile, the energy generated by the nuclear &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reactions taking place is giving out heat and energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which wants to push everything outwards. Luckily &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for us, the two sets of forces balance out, so the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun stays constant! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Structure of the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-2 illustrates the structure of the sun—now &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;let’s explain what some of those long words mean! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Starting from the center of the sun we have the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;core, the radiative zone, the convective zone, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The core &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The core of the sun possesses two properties which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;create the right climate for nuclear fusion to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;occur—the first is incredibly high temperature &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;15 million degrees Celsius (I don’t envy the poor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chap who had to stand there with a thermometer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to take the reading) and the second is incredibly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;high pressure. As a result of this nuclear fusion &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;takes place. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In nuclear fusion, you take a handful of hydrogen &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nuclei—four in fact, smash them together and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;end up with one helium nucleus. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are two products of this process—gamma &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rays which are high-energy photons and neutrinos, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;one of the least understood particles in the universe, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which possess no charge and almost no &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mass. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10 The Solar Resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-2 The structure of the sun. Image courtesy NASA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The radiative zone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next out from the core is the radiative zone. This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;zone is so named because it is the zone that emits &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiation. A little bit cooler, the temperature in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiative zone ranges from 15 million to 1 million &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;degrees Celsius (even at that temperature though, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I still wouldn’t have liked to have been the one &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;holding the thermometer). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What is particularly interesting about the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiative zone, is that it can take millions of years &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for a photon to pass through this zone to get to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;next zone, aptly named the convective zone! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The convective zone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This zone is different, in that the photons now &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;travel via a process of convection—if you remember &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;high school physics, you will recollect that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;convection is a process whereby a body makes its &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way to a region of lower temperature and lower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pressure. The boundary of this zone with the radiative &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;zone is of the order of a million degrees &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Celsius; however, toward the outside, the temperature &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is only a mere 6,000°C (you still wouldn’t &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;want to hold the thermometer even with asbestos &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gloves). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The photosphere &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next region is called the photosphere. This is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the bit that we see, because this is the bit that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produces visible light. Its temperature is around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5,500°C which is still mighty hot. This layer, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;although relatively thin in sun terms is still around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;300 miles thick. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The chromosphere &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sounding like a dodgy nightclub, the chromosphere &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is a few thousand miles thick, and the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;temperature rises in this region from 6,000°C to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anywhere up to 50,000°C. This area is full of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;excited hydrogen atoms, which emit light toward &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the red wavelengths of the visible spectrum. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The corona &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The corona, which stretches for millions of miles &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;out into space, is the outer layer of the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;atmosphere. The temperatures here get mighty hot, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in fact up to a million degrees Celsius. Some of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;features on the surface of the sun can be seen in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-2, but they are described in more detail in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the next section and Figure 2-3. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Features of the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now we have seen the inner machinations of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun, we might like to take a look at what goes on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on the surface of the sun, and also outside it in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;immediate coronal region. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Coronal holes form where the sun’s magnetic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;field lies. Solar flares, also known as solar prominences, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are large ejections of coronal material into &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;space. Magnetic loops suspend the material from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these prominences in space. Polar plumes are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;11 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Solar Resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-3 Features on the sun’s surface. Image &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;courtesy NASA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;altogether smaller, thinner streamers that emanate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from the sun’s surface. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The earth and the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now we have seen what goes on at the source, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;now need to explore what happens after that solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy travels all the way through space to reach &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the earth’s orbit. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Outside the earth’s atmosphere, at any given &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;point in space, the energy given off by the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(insolation) is nearly constant. On earth, however, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that situation changes as a result of: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. The earth changing position in space &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. The earth rotating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. The earth’s atmosphere (gases, clouds, and dust) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The gases in the atmosphere remain relatively &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stable. In recent years, with the amount of pollution &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the air, we have noticed a phenomenon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;known as global dimming, where the particulate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;matter resulting from fossil fuels, prevents a small &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fraction of the sun’s energy from reaching the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;earth. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Clouds are largely transient, and pass from place &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to place casting shadows on the earth. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When we think about the earth and its orbit, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can see how the earth rotates upon its axis, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is slightly inclined in relation to the sun. As the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;earth rotates at a constant speed, there will be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;certain points in the earth’s orbit when the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shines for longer on a certain part of the earth— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and furthermore, because of the earth’s position in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;space, that part of the world will tend to be nearer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the sun on average over the period of a day. This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is why we get the seasons—this is illustrated in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-4. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As a result of the sun appearing to be in a different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;place in the sky, we may need to move our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar devices to take account of this. Figure 2-5 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;illustrates how a flat plate collector may need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be moved at different times of the year to take &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;account of the change in the sun’s position in order &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to harness energy effectively. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So how can we harness &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thinking about it, more or less all of our energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has come either directly or indirectly from the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at one point or another. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;12 The Solar Resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-4 The sun and seasons.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar-powered devices are the most direct way of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;capturing the sun’s energy, harnessing it, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;turning it into something useful. These devices &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;capture the sun’s energy and directly transform it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into a useful energy source. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wind power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The heat from the sun creates convective currents &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in our atmosphere, which result in areas of high &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and low pressure, and gradients between them. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;air rushing from place to place creates the wind, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and using large windmills and turbines, we can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collect this solar energy and turn it into something &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;useful—electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hydropower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sun drives the hydrological cycle, that is to say &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the evaporation of water into the sky, and precipitation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;down to earth again as rain. What this means &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is that water which was once at sea level can end &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;up on higher ground! We can collect this water at a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;high place using a dam, and then by releasing the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water downhill through turbines, we can release &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the water’s gravitational potential energy and turn &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it into electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Biomass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rather than burning fossil fuels, there are certain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;crops that we can grow for energy which will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;replace our fossil fuels. Trees are biomass, they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produce wood that can be burnt. Sugarcane can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also be grown and be turned into bio-ethanol, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which can be used in internal combustion engines &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;instead of gasoline. Oils from vegetable plants can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in many cases be used directly in diesel engines or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reformed into biodiesel. The growth of all of these &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plants was initiated by the sun in the first place, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and so it can be seen that they are derived from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wave power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wave power is driven by the winds that blow over &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the surface of large bodies of water. We have seen &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how the wind is produced from solar energy; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;however, we must be careful to distinguish wave &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power from tidal power, which is a result of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gravitational attraction of the moon on a large &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;body of water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;13 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Solar Resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-5 The sun changes position depending on the time of year.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;14 The Solar Resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-6 Harnessing renewable energy to meet our energy needs cleanly. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 2-7 Solar energy being harnessed directly on the roofs of the eco-cabins at the Centre for Alternative &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Technology, U.K.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fossil fuels &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You probably never thought that you would hear &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an environmentalist saying that fossil fuels are a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;form of solar energy—well think again! Fossil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fuels are in fact produced from the clean energy of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun—at the end of the day, all they are is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;compressed plant matter which over millions of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;years has turned into oil, gas, and coal—and herein &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lies the problem. It took millions of years for these &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to form, and they are soon exhausted if we burn &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;them at their present rate. So yes, they are a result &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of solar energy, but we must use them with care! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As we have seen, there are many ways in which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we can harness solar power. Figure 2-6 shows &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some clean renewable ways in which we can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;capture solar energy not only from solar panels, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but also from the power in the wind. Although not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;immediately apparent, the black pipeline that runs &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;through the picture is in fact a small-scale hydro &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;installation—yet another instance of solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;being harnessed (indirectly). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This book focuses solely on “directly” capturing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy. In Figure 2-7 we can see a variety of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;technologies being used to capture solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;directly in a domestic setting. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;15 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Solar Resource&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This page intentionally left blank &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Positioning Your Solar Devices &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 3 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is important to note that the position of the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the sky changes from hour to hour, day to day, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and year by year. While this might be interesting, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it is not very helpful to us as prospective solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;users, as it presents us with a bit of a dilemma— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;where exactly do we point our solar device? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The ancients attributed the movement of the ball &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of fire in the sky to all sorts of phenomena, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;various gods and deities. However, we now know &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that the movement of the sun through the sky is as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a result of the orbital motion of the earth, not as a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;result of flaming chariots being driven through the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sky on a daily basis! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this chapter, we are going to get to grips with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a couple of concepts—that the position of the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;changes relative to the time of the day, and also, that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that position is further influenced by the time of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the year. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How the position of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun changes over the day &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The ancients were aware of the fact that the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;position changed depending on the time of the day. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It has been speculated that ancient monuments &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;such as Stonehenge were built to align with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;position of the sun at certain times of the year. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The position of the sun is a reliable way to help &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;us tell the time. The Egyptians knew this, the three &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cleopatra’s needles sited in London, Paris, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;New York were originally from the Egyptian city &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of “Heliopolis” written in Greek as ..í.. pó.... &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The name of the city effectively meant “town &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the sun” and was the place of sun-worship. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It sounds like the destination for a pilgrimage for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar junkies worldwide! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can be fairly sure that the obelisks that they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;erected, such as London’s Cleopatra’s needle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Figure 3-1), were used as some sort of device that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;indicated a time of day based on the position of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you dig a stick into the ground, you will see &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that as the sun moves through the sky, so the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shadow will change (Figure 3-2). In the morning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the shadow will be long and thin; however, toward &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the middle of the day, the position of the shadow &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not only changes, but the shadow shortens. Then &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at the end of the day, the shadow again becomes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;long. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Of course, this effect is caused by the earth spinning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on its axis, which causes the position of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun in the sky to change relative to our position on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the ground. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We will use this phenomena to great effect later &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in our “sun-powered clock.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How the position of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun changes over the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;year &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next concept is a little harder to understand. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The earth is slightly tilted on its axis; as the earth &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rotates about the sun on its 3651/4-day cycle, different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;parts of the earth will be exposed to the sun for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a longer or shorter period. This is why our days are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;short in the winter and long in the summer. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;17 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18 Positioning Your Solar Devices &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-1 Cleopatra’s needle—an early solar clock? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-2 How shadows change with the time of day.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The season in the northern hemisphere will be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;exactly the opposite to that in the southern hemisphere &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at any one time. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can see in Figure 3-3 that because of this tilt, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at certain times of year, depending on your latitude &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you will receive more or less sunlight per day. Also &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;if you look at your latitude relative to the sun, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can see that as the earth rotates your angle to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun will be different at any given time of day, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;depending on the season. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can see in Figure 3-4 an example house in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the southern hemisphere—here we can see that the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun shines from the north rather than the south . . . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;obviously if your house is in the northern hemisphere, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun will be in the south! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This graphically demonstrates how the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;path in the sky changes relative to your plot at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;different times of year, as well as illustrating how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our rules for solar positioning are radically different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;depending on what hemisphere we are in. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What does this mean for us in practice? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Essentially, it means that we need to change the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;position of our solar devices if we are to harness &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the most solar energy all year round. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;19 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Positioning Your Solar Devices &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-3 How the earth’s position affects the seasons. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-4 Seasonal variation of the sun’s position.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20 Project 1: Build a Solar-Powered Clock! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photocopy of Figure 3-5 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Matchstick &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Glue &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Scissors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is a dead-easy and quick sundial for you to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;build. Take a photocopy of Figure 3-5. If you want &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 1: Build a Solar-Powered Clock! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-5 Template for our “solar-powered clock.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;21 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to be really flashy you can stick it to a piece of cardboard &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in order to make it more rigid and durable. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to cut out the dial that relates to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemisphere that you are in—north or south. Then, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you need to think about your latitude in degrees &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;north or south. You will need to fold the sidepieces at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the same angle marked in degrees as your latitude. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Stick a matchstick through the point at which all &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the lines cross. What you should be left with is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a piece of cardboard which makes an angle to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;horizontal. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now take your sundial outside and point the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;matchstick in the direction of due north (or south). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You should be able to read the time off of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dial—compare this to the time on an accurate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;watch—remember you might have to add or take &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;away an hour! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rules for solar positioning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is an artist’s rule that you look more than you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;paint—for solar positioning this is also true. You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need to look carefully and make observations in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to understand your site. Look at how objects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on your plots cast shadows. See where your house &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;overshadows and where it doesn’t at various times &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the year—remember seasonal variation—the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;position of the sun changes with the seasons and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;won’t stay the same all year round (Figure 3-6). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also, just because an area is shaded in one &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;season, doesn’t necessarily mean that it is shaded &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in all seasons. In fact, this can often be used to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 1: Build a Solar-Powered Clock! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-6 How seasonal variation affects the optimal position of solar collectors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sundials are absolutely fascinating, and a cheap &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way to investigate the properties of the sun. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dial presented here is just one type of sundial; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;however, there is a lot more information out there, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a lot more to explore—here are some links, some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of them with printable plans that allow you to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make different types of sundial that you might &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;like to investigate! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conWebDoc.353 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/sun/# &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plus.maths.org/issue11/features/sundials/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/sundials.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.sundials.co.uk/projects.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.digitalsundial.com/product.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This page is well worth checking out . . . very &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ingenious this is a “digital sundial,” yes you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;read correctly—a digital sundial.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;22 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your advantage. For example, in summer, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;don’t want too much solar gain in your house as it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might overheat; however, in winter that extra solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy might be advantageous! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Think carefully about trees—if they are deciduous, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they will be covered with a heavy veil of leaves in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the summer; however, they will be bare in the winter. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Trees can be used a bit like your own automatic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sunshade—in summer their covering of leaves blocks &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun; however, in the winter when they are bare &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they block less sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Make a record of your observations—drawings &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are great to refer back to. Keep a notebook where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you can write any interesting information about &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;what areas are and aren’t in shadow. Note anything &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;interesting, and the time of day and date. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Make sure that you are on the lookout on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;longest and shortest days of the year—the first day &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of summer and the first day of winter. This is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because they represent the extremes of what your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar observations will be; therefore, they are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;particularly useful to you! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Think about when in the day you will be using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your solar device. Is it a photovoltaic cell that you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would like to be using for charging batteries all &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;day. Or, is it a solar cooker that you will be using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the afternoon? Think about when you want to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;use it, and what sunlight is available in what areas &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of your plot. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Work out which direction is north—try and find &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“true north” not just magnetic north. A compass will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;veer toward magnetic north so you need to find a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way of compensating for this. Having a knowledge &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of where north and south is can be essential when &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;positioning solar devices. Note which walls face &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which cardinal directions (compass points). If you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are in the northern hemisphere, site elements where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coolness is required to the north, and elements where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat is required to the south. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Think about the qualities of morning sun and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;evening sun. Position elements that require cool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;morning sun to the east—and those elements which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;require the hot afternoon sun to the west. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the cardboard heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Three rigid sheets of corrugated cardboard, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2 ft × 2 ft (60 cm × 60 cm) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Packing tape &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Split leg paper fastener &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the wooden heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Three sheets of 1/2 in. (12 mm) MDF or plywood &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2 ft × 2 ft (60 cm × 60 cm) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Length of piano hinge 2 ft (60 cm) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Countersunk screws to suit hinge &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Lazy Susan swivel bearing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For both heliodons, you will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Clip on spotlamp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Length of dowel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Large blob of plasticine/modeling clay &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the cardboard heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Scissors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 2: Build Your Own Heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 2: Build Your Own Heliodon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;23 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Craft knife &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Protractor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the wooden heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bandsaw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Pillar drill &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sander &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Protractor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We have already seen in this chapter about the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun’s path—and we have learnt how we can use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun to provide natural lighting and heating. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We saw in Figure 3-3 how the position of the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the earth influences the seasons, and how the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;path of the sun in the sky changes with the seasons. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is important to us if we want to design optimal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar configurations, as in order to maximize solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gain, we need to know where the sun is shining! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A heliodon is a device that allows us to look at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the interaction of the light coming from the sun, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and any point on the earth’s surface. It allows us to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;easily model the angle at which the light from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun will hit a building, and hence see the angle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cast by shadows, and gauge the paths of light into &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the building. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The heliodon is a very useful tool to give us a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quick reckoning as to the direction of light coming &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into the room, and what surfaces in that room will be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;illuminated at that time and date with that orientation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A heliodon is also very useful for looking at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;overshadowing—seeing if objects will be “in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way” of the sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;With our heliodon, it is possible to construct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;scale models that allow us to see, for example, if a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;certain tree will overshadow our solar panels. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heliodon is therefore a very useful tool for solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;design, without having to perform calculations. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this project, we present two separate designs. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first is for a cardboard heliodon, which is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simple if you just wish to experiment a little with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how the heliodon works. The design requires few &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;materials and only a pair of scissors—but, it may &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wear out over time. This does not mean that there &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is any reason for it to be less rigid than its sturdier &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wooden equivalent. The second design is for a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more rigid permanent fixture which can be used &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;professionally, for example if you are a professional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who will routinely be performing architectural &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;design or using the heliodon for education. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our heliodon will consist of three pieces of board. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first forms a base; on top of this base, we affix &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a second board which is allowed to swivel by way &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of, in the wooden version, a “Lazy Susan” bearing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is a ball-bearing race that you can buy from a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hardware shop, which is ordinarily used as a table &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for a “Lazy Susan” rotating tray. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the cardboard version, we simply use a split &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;leg pin pushed through the center of both sheets, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the legs splayed and taped down. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The third board is hinged so that the angle it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;makes with the horizontal can be controlled, it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also equipped with a stay to allow it to be set at the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;angle permanently and rigidly. And that is just &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about it! With the wooden version, a length of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;piano hinge accomplishes this job admirably, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the cardboard version, a simple hinge can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;made using some strong tape. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The other part of the heliodon is an adjustable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light source. This can be made in a number of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ways. The simplest of which is a small spotlamp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;equipped with a clip that allows it to be clamped to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a vertical object such as the edge of a door. Slide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;projectors are very good at providing a parallel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light source—these present another option if their &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;height can easily be adjusted. If you will be using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the heliodon a lot, it would make sense to get a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;length of wood mounted vertically to a base, with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the dimensions given in Table 3-1 marked &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;permanently on the wood. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Heliodon experiments &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have constructed your heliodon you can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;begin to perform some experiments using it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 2: Build Your Own Heliodon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;24&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to be aware of the three main &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;adjustments that can be made on the heliodon. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Seasonal adjustment—by moving the lamp up and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;down using the measurements listed above, it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;possible to simulate the time of year. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Latitude adjustment—by setting the angle that the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;uppermost flat sheet makes with the base, you can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;adjust the heliodon for the latitude of your site. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Time of day adjustment—by rotating the assembly, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you can simulate the earth’s rotation on its axis, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and simulate different times of day. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The two table adjustments are illustrated in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-7. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In order to secure the table at an angle, probably &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the easiest way is to use a length of dowel rod with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a couple of big lumps of modeling clay at each &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;end. Set the angle of the table to the horizontal, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;then use the dowel as a prop with the plasticine to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;secure and prevent movement. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are a couple of simple experiments that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we can do with our heliodon to get you started. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remember the sundial that you made earlier in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;book? Well, set the angle of latitude on your table &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the angle that you constructed your sundial for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Figure 3-8). You will see that as you rotate the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;table, the time on the sundial changes. You can use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this approach to calibrate your heliodon. You might &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;like to make some marks on the cardboard surface &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to indicate different times of day. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next stage of experimentation with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heliodon is to look at modeling a real building. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 2: Build Your Own Heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Compass points &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remember to think carefully about where north &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and south are in relation to your modeling table. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Consider whether the site you are modeling is in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the north or south hemisphere and adjust the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;position of your model accordingly. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-8 Heliodon sundial experiment. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-7 Heliodon table adjustments. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Table 3-1 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lamp heights for different months of the year &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;January 21 8 in. 20 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;February 21 22 in. 55 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;March 21 40 in. 100 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;April 21 58 in. 145 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;May 21 72 in. 195 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;June 21 80 in. 200 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;July 21 72 in. 195 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;August 21 58 in. 145 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;September 21 40 in. 100 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;October 21 22 in. 55 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;November 21 8 in. 20 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;December 21 2 in. 5 cm from floor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These measurements are assuming a measurement of 87 in. between &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the center of the heliodon table and the light source&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;25 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 3: Experimenting with Light Rays and Power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Construct a model from cardboard (Figure 3-9), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and include for example, window openings, doors, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patio doors, and skylights. By turning the table &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;through a revolution, it is possible to see where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun is penetrating the building, and what parts &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the room it is shining on. This is useful, as it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;allows us to position elements of thermal mass in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the positions where they will receive the most solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can also make models of say, a solar array, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and cluster of trees, and see how the trees might &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;overshadow the solar array at certain times during &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the year. Use the heliodon with scale models to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;devise your own solar experiments! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now with modern computer aided design (CAD) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;technology, the heliodon can be replicated digitally &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inside a computer. Architects routinely use pieces &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of CAD software to look at how light will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;penetrate their buildings, or whether obstructions &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will overshadow their solar collectors. However, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heliodons are still a very quick, simple technology &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which can be used to make a quick appraisal of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar factors on a model building. A professional, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more durable heliodon can be seen in Figure 3-10. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Small torch &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Length of string &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tape &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Big sheet of paper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bunch of pencils &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Elastic band &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Attach the large sheet of paper to the wall using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tape. Then, take the piece of string, and attach &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;one end roughly to the center of the paper with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tape. Now hold the string to one side of the piece &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of paper, and attach the torch to the string so that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the bulb of the torch falls within the boundary of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the paper. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are going to see how angle affects the light &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power falling on a surface when the distance from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the surface remains the same. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now imagine our torch as the sun, hold the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;torch to face the paper directly keeping the string &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;taught. You should see a “spot” of light on the paper. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Read more about heliodons on the web &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.pge.com/003_save_energy/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;003c_edu_train/pec/toolbox/arch/heliodon/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heliodon.shtml &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;arch.ced.berkeley.edu/resources/bldgsci/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bsl/heliodon.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-9 Using a cardboard model building to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;model solar shading. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 3: Experimenting with Light Rays and Power&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;26 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Draw a ring around the area of highest light intensity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, hold the torch at an angle to the paper, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;again with the string taught, draw a ring around the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;area of high intensity. Repeat this at both sides of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;center a few times at different angles. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-11 shows us what your sheet of paper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might look like. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What can we learn from this? Well, the power of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our torch remained the same, the bulb and batteries &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;were the same throughout the experiment, the amount &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of light coming out of the torch did not change. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, the area on which the light fell did &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;change. When the torch was held perpendicular &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the paper, there was a circle in the middle of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the page. However, hold the torch at an angle to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the page and the circle turns into an oval—with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;result that the area increases. What does this mean &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to us as budding solar energy scientists? Well, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun gives out a fixed amount of light; however, as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it moves through the sky, the plane of our solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collectors changes in relation to the position of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun. When the sun is directly overhead of a flat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plate, the plate receives maximum energy; however, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as we tilt the plate away from facing the sun directly, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the solar energy reaching the plate decreases. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You might have noticed that as you angled the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;torch and the beam spread out more, the beam also &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;became dimmer. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remember the bunch of pencils? Well grab them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and put an elastic band around them. Imagine each &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pencil is a ray of light from the sun. Point them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;down and make a mark with the leads on a piece &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of paper. Now, carefully tilt all the pencils in relation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the paper and make another mark with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;all the pencils at the same time (Figure 3-12). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As you can see, the marks are more spread out. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remembering that we are equating our pencil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;marks with “solar rays,” we can see that when a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;given beam of light hits a flat surface, if the beam &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hits at an oblique angle, the “rays” are more spread &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;out. This means that the power of the beam is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;being spread out over a larger area. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is important that we understand how to make &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the most of the solar resource in order to make our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar devices as efficient as possible. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 3: Experimenting with Light Rays and Power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-11 Light ray patterns drawn on paper. Figure 3-12 Bunch of pencils experiment. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 3-10 A professional architect using a heliodon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to make estimations of solar gain on a model building.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 4 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sun provides us with heat and light that is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;essential to life all year round. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the most efficient ways of harnessing the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun’s energy is to use it to space heat our buildings, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and produce hot water for our daily needs, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;such as washing, cleaning, and cooking. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you think about the truly tremendous &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amount of heat that the sun produces, it seems &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;absolutely ridiculous that we should want to burn &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our precious fossil fuels to heat things up. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can use the sun to directly heat our buildings— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this is known as passive heating—or we can use an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;intermediate storage and distribution medium such &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as water or air. The advantage of using water or air &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as a storage medium for the heat, is that we can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;concentrate the sun, and collect it efficiently using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar collectors, and then using a distribution network &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of pipes or ducts, we can direct the heat to where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we want it; and, more importantly, direct the heat to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the places where it can be utilized most effectively. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this chapter, we are going to be looking at the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fundamentals of a solar hot water heating system. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;By the end of the chapter, you should have an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;understanding of how such systems work, and be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;armed with the knowledge to begin researching &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and installing your own hot water system. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why use solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for heating? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are considerable environmental benefits &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;associated with using renewable energy for heating. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Consumption of fossil fuels for heating is tremendous &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when you consider the global scale. Producing as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;much as possible of our heat from renewable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resources will considerably reduce our consumption &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of fossil fuels. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Can I use my roof &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to mount my solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heating panels? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The roof seems an obvious place to want to mount &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your solar heating panels. After all, you have a large &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;area which is currently unutilized just waiting for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some clean green energy generation! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, you should consider the structural &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;integrity of your roof and how strong it is. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remember, the roof will not only need to support &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the weight of the solar heating panel and all of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;associated paraphernalia, but might also need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;support your weight as you install it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will also need to consider the orientation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of your roof and whether it is positioned in such &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a manner that it will receive optimal solar gain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you are in the northern hemisphere, you will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;want a roof which faces as near to due south as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;possible. If your roof does not face directly due &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;south, there will be some loss of efficiency—which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is proportional to the angle of deviation from due &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;south. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you live in the southern hemisphere, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reverse is true—you want a roof that faces due &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;north in order to catch the best of the sun’s rays. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;27 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How does solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heating work? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;On a hot summer day, if you are walking around a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;parking lot, gently touch a black car, and the chances &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are it will feel very hot. Now touch a silver or white &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;car, and you will find that it is significantly cooler. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is the principle that underpins solar heating. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A black surface heats up quickly in the sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our demand for hot water is driven by a number &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of things. We use hot water every day for tasks such &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as washing our hands, clothes and dishes. From now &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on, we will refer to this as “solar hot water.” We can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also use hot water for heating our homes. We will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;refer to this as “solar space heating” from now on. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What we need to do, is look at our demand for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heated water, and see how it correlates to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy available from the sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar hot water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our demand for hot water is fairly constant &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;throughout the year. We use more or less the same &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amount of hot water for washing and cleaning in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the winter as we do in the summer. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar space heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can also use solar energy to heat our space &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;directly—passively, rather than using an active &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system. This is called passive solar design. We can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;design our buildings with large expanses of glass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on the sun-facing façades in order to capture the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy and keep the building warm and light. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, the requirements for space heating are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;different in the winter from in the summer. If we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;design our buildings for “summer conditions,” they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;could be intolerably cold in the winter. For this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reason, we can use architectural devices such as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shading and brie soleil to ensure that the room &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;receives an optimal amount of light in both &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;summer and winter. Passive solar design is a whole &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;book in its own right though! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What does a solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heating system &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;look like? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-1 illustrates a basic solar water heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can see a large storage tank in the Figure. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is filled with water and is used as a thermal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;store. It is imperative that this tank is incredibly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;well insulated as it is pointless going to a lot of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;effort to collect this solar energy if we then lose it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in storage! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will notice that the solar hot water tank has &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a gradient fill—this denotes the stratification of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water—the colder water sinks to the bottom, while &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the warmer water is at the top of the tank. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We draw the hot water off from the top of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tank, while replacing the hot water with cold water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at the bottom of the tank. This allows us to maintain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the “layered” stratified nature of the tank. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At the bottom of the tank, we can see a coil; this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is shown more clearly in Figure 4-2—this coil is in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fact a copper pipe—we can see that the pipe enters &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tank at the bottom, and exits the tank at the top. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The pipes are connected in a closed circuit to a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar collector. This closed circuit is filled with a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fluid which transfers the heat from the solar cell to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tank. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is the simplest type of solar system—it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;called a thermosiphon. The reason for this name is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that the process of circulation from the solar cell to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tank is driven by nothing more than heat. Natural &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;convective currents set up a flow, whereby the hot &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water makes its way around the circuit. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is also possible to insert a pump into this circuit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to increase the flow of the heat transfer medium. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;28 Solar Heating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can also drive this pump using photovoltaic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells. This means that our heating is not using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electricity from the grid—and hence not using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy generated from fossil fuel sources. There is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;one manufacturer, Solartwin, which supplies a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system which consists of a solar thermal panel, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a pump driven by photovoltaics. The advantage of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this approach is that the energy for the pump is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;provided at the same time as there is heat in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A good science fair project might be to build a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;demonstration solar water heating system using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;easy-to-use flexible aquarium tube for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“plumbing” and a soda bottle for the hot water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;storage tank. A few thermocouples or thermistors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will allow you to monitor the temperatures around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the setup and see how effectively it is working. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;29 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-1 A basic solar water heating system. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-2 A cutaway of a thermal store tank.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar collectors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are two types of solar collector: flat plate, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and evacuated tube. We can see in Figure 4-3 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the two types of collectors compared. While a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;greater amount of sun falls on the flat plate, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;evacuated tube collectors are better insulated. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, as the sun moves in an arc through the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sky, the flat plate collector’s effective area becomes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;smaller, and as the evacuated tube collectors are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cylindrical, the area presented toward the sun is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the same. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In Figure 4-4 we see the make up of a flat plate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collector. It is essentially quite a simple device. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There is insulation, which stops the heat that it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;absorbs from being transmitted into the roof it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mounted on. A coil of tube within this collects the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat and transmits it to the storage tank, and at the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;front of the collector is an absorbent surface. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This could simply be matt black, or it could be a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;selective coating. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;On the roof shown in Figure 4-5 we can see a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;variety of different solar cells, both thermal and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic nestling together in harmony. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;30 Solar Heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-3 Flat plate versus evacuated tube collectors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-4 Cutaway of a flat plate collector.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;31 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 4: Build Your Own Flat Plate Collector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-6 A commercially made clip fin collector. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to make a flat plate collector. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are a number of different types of collector, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;all suitable for relatively simple manufacture in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;home workshop (Figures 4-6 to 4-8). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The key thing to remember about solar collectors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is keeping the heat in and the cold out. This can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;accomplished by using glazing on the sun-facing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;side of the panels and thermal insulation on the side &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 4: Build Your Own Flat Plate Collector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-5 An array of different solar thermal cells on a roof.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that faces away from the sun. We need to try to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;eliminate thermal bridges as far as we possibly can. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aluminum clip fins are one of the easiest ways &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of assembling a solar collector quickly, as they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;essentially clip onto a matrix of copper pipe. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Another way of constructing a solar collector is to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;use an old radiator painted black inside an insulated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;box—crude but effective! (Figure 4-9). This system &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;contains more water, and as a result has a slower &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;response time. This is because it takes more time to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat up the thermal mass of the radiator. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Warning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the problems that solar collectors suffer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from is freezing in the winter. When temperatures &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;drop too low, the water in the pipes of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collectors expands—this runs the risk of severely &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;damaging the collectors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;32 Project 4: Build Your Own Flat Plate Collector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-7 A home-made clip fin collector. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-8 Aluminum clip fins.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;While having a pool in your yard is a great way to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;exercise and enjoy the summer sun, swimming &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pools are notorious for “drinking” energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The problem is that there is simply such a great &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;volume of water to heat! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Energy is becoming more expensive as we begin &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to realize the serious limitations of the previously &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cheap and abundant fossil fuels. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Some people heat their pools in order to be able &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to enjoy them out of season; however, that comes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with a big associated energy cost. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Before you even start to consider heating your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pool using solar energy, you need to consider &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy reduction and efficiency measures. You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might want to consider your usage patterns. Will it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;really make much difference to me if I can’t use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;my pool out of season? After all, who really wants &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to swim when it is cold and wet outside! Also you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might want to consider energy minimization &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;strategies. Is your pool outside and uncovered at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the moment? Heat rises . . . so all that heat that you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are throwing into your pool is being lost as it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dissipates into the atmosphere. This isn’t smart! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Building some kind of enclosure over your pool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will make the most of any investment that you put &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into solar heating your pool. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have taken steps to minimize the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy that your pool requires, you can begin to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make advances toward heating it using free solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy. There is nothing really too complicated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about a solar pool heating system. As we only need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to elevate the temperature of the water slightly, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can use simple unglazed reflectors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The reason? Well think of it like this . . . the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water you get from the hot tap to wash with is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;significantly hotter than the sort of temperature &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you would be expecting to swim in. A domestic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar hot water rig heats a small volume of water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to a very high temperature. By contrast, a solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pool heating system, takes a large quantity of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water, and heats it by a small amount. Here is the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fundamental difference. Because the water is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;33 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 5: Solar Heat Your Swimming Pool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 5: Solar Heat Your Swimming Pool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-9 A recycled radiator collector.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;circulating at a faster rate, unglazed collectors can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;provide acceptable efficiency. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;But that’s not all! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In some hot climates, pools can have a tendency &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to overheat. Solar collectors can save the day here! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;By pumping water through the collectors at night it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is possible to dump excess heat. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This technology isn’t just applicable to small pools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at home, large municipal pools are also heated by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar technology in a number of cases. Take for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;instance the International Swim Center at Santa Clara, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;California, 13,000 square meters of solar collector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat a total of 1.2 million gallons of water a day! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-10 illustrates solar pool heating. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Supplier’s Index (Appendix B) lists a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;number of companies that sell products for solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heating your pool. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Do we need to use solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thermal power directly? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If we consider power generation on a large scale, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;all of our power stations whether they be nuclear, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coal, oil, or gas fired, all produce heat primarily, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and then use this heat to produce steam, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;then, through using rotating turbines, produces &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This means, that at present, we do not produce &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electricity directly from chemicals, like we do in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;battery—we first produce heat as an intermediate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;process, which is in turn used to produce electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once we recognize this, we quickly realize that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it could be possible to use solar thermal energy to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;raise steam to generate electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;And this is exactly what they are doing in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kramer Junction, California. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Enerpool is a free program that can be used to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simulate your swimming pool being heated with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar collectors. By inputting information such as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your location, and how the pool is covered. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;program can predict what temperature your pool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will be at, at any given time! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.powermat.com/enerpool.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;34 Project 5: Solar Heat Your Swimming Pool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-10 Solar pool heating.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although we have discussed basic systems &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;here for producing solar heat—and by no means &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is this comprehensive coverage of solar heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(the subject really deserves several books in its &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;own right) there are a number of things that we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can do to improve our system. If our system is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“active,” which is to say if there is a pump &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;driving a working fluid around the system, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;then we can do a little more to control the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fluid. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If our system is passive, i.e., a thermosiphoning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system, where the fluid makes its way around the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system as a result of changes in density, then we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might at least like some feedback as to what our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system is doing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Negative temperature coefficient thermistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 2 × 10 k resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 100 k variable resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 741 op amp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 1 M resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 4.7 k resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. BC109 NPN transistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 6 V piezo buzzer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Heatshrink tubing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Mastic/silicone sealant &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Optional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 6 V relay &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Protection diode &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Soldering iron &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Side cutters &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Solder &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;35 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 6: Useful Circuits for Solar Heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 6: Useful Circuits for Solar Heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-11 Solar thermal power in the Mojave desert. Courtesy Department of Energy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The following is a simple circuit that uses a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thermistor as the sensing element to provide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;feedback as to the condition of a surface being &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;monitored. There are two simple circuits here— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;both are similar with one small change—the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;position of the thermistor and variable resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which change places (Figures 4-12 and 4-13). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Protecting the sensor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;against the elements &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A thermistor as supplied from the components &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shop is a pretty fragile beast, and as such should &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be respected if reliable operation is wanted. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;36 Project 6: Useful Circuits for Solar Heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-12 Solar heating over temperature indicator. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 4-13 Solar heating under temperature indicator.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The device is designed to be soldered onto a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;printed circuit board; however, we are expecting it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to be used in a much more hostile environment. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For this reason, provision should be made to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;insulate the leads of the thermistor with some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heatshrink tubing, which will provide mechanical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;support for the soldered joint, and also prevent &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ingress of water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once each individual lead has been insulated, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the pair can be bound together with a little more &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heatshrink, or failing that a little bit of tape. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sensor should be provided with long enough leads &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to comfortably reach the circuit board. If your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar collector tracks the sun, you will need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ensure that the leads are sufficiently long to reach &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;back to the circuit board, even at the extent of your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collector’s movement. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Taking this a step further, you need to mate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your sensor to the surface being monitored. A &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;little squeeze of heat transfer compound in the gap &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between thermistor and the surface is not a bad &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;idea—you can get this from computer suppliers, as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it is commonly used to ensure a good surface &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;interaction between a CPU and heatsink. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have done this, you can apply silicone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sealant liberally to hold the sensor in place. If you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;really want to go the whole hog, you can even insulate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the other side of the sensor with a little thermal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lagging, such as polystyrene or a slice of foam pipe &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lagging. This will prevent the sensor from being &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unduly influenced by external fluctuations in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;temperature. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Calibrating the sensor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When setting the circuit up, you will need to calibrate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sensor against a reference of known temperature. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A water bath is a good way of providing a stable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;temperature. To get the temperature you desire, get a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cup of ice water and a cup of boiling water, and use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these to adjust the temperature of a cup of water with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a thermometer immersed in it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Modifications to the circuit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although the circuit is useful in its own right, there &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are a couple of things that we can do to improve its &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;functionality. As it stands, the circuit provides an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“alert” when the temperature goes out of condition; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;however, we might consider a scenario where we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are not at home to take action. In this instance, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might want to replace the piezo buzzer in the system &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with a relay and protection diode. This is a straight &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;swap, and allows the circuit to then control an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;automatic device which can take action—for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;example a pump or electronic valve. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To give you an example of how this circuit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;could be useful in your solar water heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;system, in freezing weather, if no water is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;circulating in the pipes, there is a risk that that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water could expand and burst your pipes. To &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;overcome this, a relay could switch on a trickle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump which keeps a little water circulating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;through the pipes. This water will carry with it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some heat from the thermal store, which should &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;keep your pipes free of ice. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Equally, with the resistors reversed as in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;second circuit, you might want to set up a system &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;whereby a pump is triggered when heat in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collector is sensed. This ensures that hot water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;isn’t pumped through a cold collector. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What is the future &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of solar heating? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is inevitable that in the future, we will need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;seek different solutions to our problems as we are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;forced not to depend on fossil fuels. Solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;certainly has a place in meeting our heating needs &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the future, and considering the energy from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun is free, it is very surprising that more people &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aren’t using it now! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We have seen in this chapter how solar heating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can meet our heating needs, but that the availability &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;37 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 6: Useful Circuits for Solar Heating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of solar energy is seasonal, and in part that determines &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the supply of solar hot water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Even when the sun cannot provide all of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy all of the time, or where 100% solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;provision would be uneconomical, it can certainly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;go a long way toward reducing the amount of energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we need to consume. Even pre-heating water a little &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bit in winter goes some way to saving energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Another thing that needs careful consideration, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is that if we need to provide extra energy for our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heating needs, where will that energy come from? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fossil fuels pollute the atmosphere and are a finite &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resource, nuclear leaves a legacy of toxic waste, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but maybe solar energy has another trick up its &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sleeve—biomass! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The trees and plants that we are surrounded by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are effectively solar batteries! They take the energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produced from the sun, and using a process called &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photosynthesis, use the energy to grow. All the time &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that they are growing, they are taking in carbon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dioxide from the atmosphere and producing oxygen. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once a tree has grown, we can cut it down and burn &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it. While this process releases carbon dioxide into &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the atmosphere, there is no “net gain” of carbon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dioxide, as the tree took the carbon dioxide out of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the atmosphere while growing! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;38 The Future of Solar Heating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Cooling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 5 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In hot climates, it can often become uncomfortably &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hot—in the modern world, we tend to look toward &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;air conditioning to provide a comfortable internal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;atmosphere; however, air conditioning often leaves &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;us with dry stale air. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;While it would seem to be counterintuitive to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;use the sun to cool things down, there are a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;number of techniques that we can use to cool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;things down by employing the sun’s energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why air conditioning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is bad &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The amount of energy that air conditioning consumes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is truly tremendous. In addition to this, the heat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;extracted from the building is simply dumped out &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into the atmosphere. Air conditioning cooling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stacks are a breeding ground for Legionella bacteria, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the refrigerants used in air conditioning are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ozone-depleting and add to the burden of global &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;warming. While there has been a worldwide move &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to eliminate CFCs from air conditioning units &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because of the damage they do, the interim HCFC &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and HFC chemicals are still not environmentally &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;friendly. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What can we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;do instead? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rather than using large amounts of fossil fuels, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there are a number of other strategies that we can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;use to cool our buildings. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Passive solar cooling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are a number of ways that we can design our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;buildings to stay at a pleasant internal temperature, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and prevent them from overheating, even in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;summer. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Trombe walls &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As with many of the themes in this book, this idea &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is not a new one, in fact it was patented in 1881 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(U.S. Patent 246626). However, the idea never &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;really gained much of a following until 1964, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when the engineer Felix Trombe and architect &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jacques Michel began to adopt the idea in their &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;buildings. As such, this type of design is largely &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;referred to as a “Trombe wall.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-1 shows a Trombe wall on one of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resident’s houses at the Centre for Alternative &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Technology (CAT), U.K. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Let’s describe the construction and operation of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the Trombe wall. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Essentially, the Trombe wall is a wall with a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;high thermal mass, the wall is painted black to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;enable it to absorb solar radiation effectively. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The wall is also separated from the outer skin of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glazing by an air gap. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The original Trombe walls were not particularly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;effective. They worked by absorbing heat in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thermal mass during the day. At night, this heat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would be dissipated both into the room—but also &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the outside through the air gap and glazing. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;theory was that the glazing would help to retain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat, and because the thermal mass had gained &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;enough heat during the day, it would be warmer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;39 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than the internal room temperature, as a result, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;room would warm up. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In reality it appeared that most of the heat was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simply dumped to the cold outside. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A series of improvements were made to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;design of the Trombe wall which significantly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;increased its performance. In the improved version &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the Trombe wall, there are vents at the top and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bottom of the wall, and also on the glazing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These vents have a mechanism that allows them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to be opened and closed in certain configurations. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The general scheme of things is that the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shines through the glazing, where it heats up the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thermal mass of the wall behind. The wall, being &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a construction that has a high thermal mass (for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;example masonry or concrete) transfers some of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the heat energy to the air in the gap between the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glazing and the wall as it heats up. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A convection current is set up. If you are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;familiar with heat and the way it affects air, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will know that as air heats up, the molecules of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gas gain a little more energy—this causes them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to bounce around a bit more, and as a result, they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tend to spread out a little bit. As they do this, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;body of gas becomes less dense. As you will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;know if you have ever observed a spill of oil on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a body of water, the less-dense compound floats &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the surface as it is displaced by the more-dense &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;compound. In this case, the lighter air rises up &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;through the gap between the wall and the glazing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is the principle that hot air balloons use to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;operate—hot less-dense air floats above denser &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;air! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This convective current can be used to either &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat or cool the building. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remember those gaps in the wall and glazing— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;well, if both of the vents in the wall (the thermal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mass side of things) are opened, air will be sucked &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;out of the room at the bottom, heated as it contacts &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the thermal mass, and using convection will rise up &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the top of the air gap, where it flows back into &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the room. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Of course during the summer, this heat isn’t &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;really wanted—so the flaps can simply be closed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in order to keep the room cool. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;But this chapter did say it was about solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooling! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Well, if you also have flaps in the glazing which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can be opened and closed, you can then open a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;flap at the top of the glazing, and at the bottom of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the thermal mass. The flap at the top of the thermal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mass is closed. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This sets up a convective current which sucks air &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;out of the bottom of the room, and heats it slightly, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;causing it to rise. But rather than this air being fed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;back into the room, the air is instead dissipated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into the outside atmosphere. This has the effect of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sucking air from the room. This air has to be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;replaced somehow, so what happens is that fresh &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;air is sucked in through cracks in the building &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fabric, gaps in doors and windows, etc. This provides &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a fresh cooling breeze for the occupants &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Figure 5-2). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;40 Solar Cooling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-1 Trombe wall at CAT, U.K.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Passive evaporative techniques &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When water evaporates, it takes with it energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can exploit this phenomenon to cool buildings. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These techniques all require water, which might &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not be possible in some hotter countries where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water availability is limited. Also, it must not be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;forgotten that there is a requirement for energy to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump the water to the top of the building. This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy must be provided in a sustainable manner. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Roof sprays &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Spraying the roof with a fine mist of water is one &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way to keep the roof wet and permit evaporative &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooling. The roof must be suitably coated to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prevent water ingress, which could damage the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fabric of the building. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Roof ponds &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A roof pond is one way of providing a large body &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of water which can be evaporated, taking heat with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it as it leaves the roof. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Active solar cooling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Active solar cooling is a little bit more involved &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than passive solar cooling. In active solar cooling, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we use a thermally driven process of some sort in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to cool our buildings, rather than air &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conditioning which is thirsty for electricity. Of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;course, as we have seen, we can easily generate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heat using solar methods. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To understand how solar cooling differs from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conventional refrigeration methods, let’s compare &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the two and look at similarities and differences. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In a conventional refrigeration setup, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a refrigerant—a substance that readily evaporates at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a low temperature—is compressed, which causes it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to become liquid. This compression is usually &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;driven by an electric motor—using valuable watts &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the process. The refrigerant is then allowed to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expand—to do this it requires heat, which it gains &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from the material under refrigeration. As the heat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;transfers from the material to be refrigerated to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;refrigerant, the refrigerant expands. It must then be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;compressed and forced around the loop again! This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cycle continues indefinitely—no refrigerant should &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;escape from the system. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our system works in a slightly different way. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The refrigerant is kept “locked up” in a material &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which soaks up refrigerant like a sponge soaks up &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water. As we heat this material, the refrigerant is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;liberated from it, turning into a liquid as it condenses. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This liquid will readily evaporate again—it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is encouraged to do this by the absorbent material &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which tries to “suck” the refrigerant back once it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has cooled. As the refrigerant shuttles back to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;absorbent material it takes heat with it. This shuttling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;back and forth continues—so the process &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is a bit more like a train going back and forth in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a straight line, than a train continually circling in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a loop. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;41 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Cooling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-2 Trombe wall modes of operation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I am grateful to Jaroslav Vanek, Mark “Moth” Green &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Steven Vanek for the information on how to make &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a solar-powered ice-maker. This design was originally &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;published in Home Power magazine, Issue no. 53. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Four sheets galvanized metal, 26 ga. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 3 in. black iron pipe, 21 ft length &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 120 sq ft mirror plastic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 21/4 in. stainless steel valves &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Evaporator/tank (4 in. pipe) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Freezer box (free if scavenged) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 4 ft × 8 ft sheet 3/4 in. plywood &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. six 2 × 4 timbers, 10 ft long &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Miscellaneous 1/4 in. plumbing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Two 3 in. caps &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 11/4 in. black iron pipe, 21 ft length &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Four 78 in. long 11/2 in. angle iron supports &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 15 lb ammonia &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 10 lb calcium chloride &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This design is for an ice-maker which will produce &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about 10 lb of ice in a single cycle. It uses the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;evaporation and condensation of ammonia as a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;refrigerant. If you remember in the explanation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;above, I mentioned that we needed a refrigerant &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and an absorber for this type of cooler to work. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Well, the ammonia is our refrigerant, and we use a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;salt—calcium chloride—as the absorber. You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might have seen small gas fridges often used in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;caravans and RVs which can be powered by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;propane—these also generally use ammonia as a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;refrigerant—however, they tend to use water as the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;absorbing medium. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Construction and assembly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first item to be assembled is the solar collector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pipe. This is made from the length of black iron &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pipe. First of all you should cut a foot off the end, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as we will need this for the ammonia storage tank. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The pipe should be capped at the ends with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3 in. black caps, but before you do this, you need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to drill one of the caps to accept a 1/4 in. nipple and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a coupling for the rest of the plumbing. The collector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can now be filled with the calcium chloride salt &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which will act as the absorber. The caps can now be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;secured firmly in place. Whatever method you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;choose, you should ensure that the joint is capable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of withstanding pressure—as when the ammonia is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produced it will be hot and anywhere near two &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hundred pounds per square inch pressure. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You next need to form a condenser coil and tank. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The tank is easy—take a standard 55 gallon drum, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and slice it in half. This will give you a nice &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;container to pump full of water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now a word about gravity—there are no pumps &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in this system to make the working fluid go up &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and down, so you need to think of other ways of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;doing this. Mount the condenser coil high up, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;above the level of the solar collector. Now have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the pipe from the collector running to the top of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the coil in the tank. The pipe from the bottom &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the coil to the storage tank should be as straight &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a run downhill as possible, try to eliminate any &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bends or kinks if at all possible (Figures 5-3 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and 5-4). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the collector made by Jaroslav Vanek, Mark &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Moth” Green and Steven Vanek, the steel pipe of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the collector was supported from the ground by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;two sturdy uprights. The solar collector was then &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The original article can be downloaded from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Home Power website at: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;homepower.com/files/solarice.pdf &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;42 Project 7: Solar-Powered Ice-Maker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 7: Solar-Powered Ice-Maker&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;suspended from this using U bolts. This allowed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the collector to be moved to accommodate seasonal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;variations. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How does the ice-maker work? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The ice-maker works on a cycle—during the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;daytime ammonia is evaporated from the pipe at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the focal point of the parabolic mirrors. This is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because the sun shines on the collector which is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;painted black to absorb the solar energy—this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collector heats up, driving the ammonia from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;salt inside. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At night, the salt cools and absorbs the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ammonia, as it does this, it sucks it back through &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the collector. As it evaporates from the storage &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;vessel, it takes heat with it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Warning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the system to operate for long periods of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;time, the materials used should be resistant to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;corrosion by ammonia. Steel and stainless steel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are ideal in this respect as both are immune to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;corrosion by ammonia. Another consideration is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the pressure under which the system will have to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;operate. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;43 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 7: Solar-Powered Ice-Maker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-3 Solar cooler layout. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-4 Solar cooler plumbing details.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-5 illustrates this cycle. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Useful addresses &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The following addresses may be useful if you wish to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make further enquiries about this design of ice-maker: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;S.T.E.V.E.N. Foundation, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;414 Triphammer Rd. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ithaca, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;NY 14850 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;U.S.A. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;SIFAT, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Route 1, Box D-14 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lineville, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;AL 36266 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;U.S.A. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This design has a number of strengths which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make it robust and reliable in operation. One of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;those strengths is that the design has an absolute &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;minimum of moving parts. The only things that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;actively move are the valves—and even these are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;operated infrequently. The elimination of moving &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;parts makes this design very efficient. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;44 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 5-5 The solar cooler cycle. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 7: Solar-Powered Ice-Maker&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Cooking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 6 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why cook using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar cooking is a great alternative to conventional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooking—rather than burning fuel and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;producing carbon dioxide emissions, or using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;precious electricity, solar cooking harnesses &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the natural energy available from the sun! It &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is a great social activity on a sunny day—barbeques &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are just sooooo yesterday—solar cooking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is where it is at! No fumbling with matches &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and firelighters, no choking on smoke, no &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;burnt sausages! Just hope that the clouds don’t &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;come! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although you won’t see any T.V. chefs preparing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;meals on a solar cooker, it doesn’t mean that they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aren’t any good—it just means that T.V. chefs lack &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;technological imagination. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are lots of different designs of solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooker all suited to different applications—all rely &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on similar principles—concentrating the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy into a small area and then trying to retain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the heat. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar cooking solutions are elegant in their &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simplicity and as such are suited to developing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;world applications (Figure 6-1). Many countries do &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not have the developed infrastructure that we have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the West for distributing energy. As a result, a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hot, cooked meal is hard to come by—as fuel may &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be scarce. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Think of it like this—the developed world is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;already using a massive amount of energy to cook &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;food—with large nations like India and China &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;growing and developing, our energy will run out &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sooner rather than later if everybody wants to live &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a western lifestyle—but why even should we in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;West want to live a western lifestyle when things &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;like solar cooking can be so much fun—and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;achieve the same ends that conventional cooking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;does, heating a food product. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;All of the projects in this chapter can be built &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;very cheaply and are ideal for a fun summer’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;day! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At the end of this chapter, I have put together a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collection of links to various different types of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cooker plans that are out there on the web— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;all have different strengths and weaknesses and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are suited to different applications, from designs &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that will just about cook a frankfurter, to large &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cookers that can be used for community catering! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;45 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-1 A solar cooker being used in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;developing world. Image courtesy Tom Sponheim. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Small photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Solar motor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Plywood &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Framing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Screws &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Flexible acrylic mirror &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Elastic band and pulley wheel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Small plastic worm gear and large plastic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gear to match &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bandsaw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Drill &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Router &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all we need to construct the parabolic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirror. The parabolic mirror collects all of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy and focuses it onto our hot dog. You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can read more about this effect in the chapter on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Collectors (Chapter 8). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Have you ever tried bending a glass mirror? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It doesn’t work, the least you will end up with is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;seven years bad luck, and at worse you could end &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;up with bloody hands. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Here we have a couple of options, the “qualitybuilt-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to-last” option, and the “cheapskate” option. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The quality-built-to-last option involves buying &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some flexible acrylic mirror from the internet. This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is often seen on auction sites in large panels as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;people use it for interior design, and can sometimes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be found in garden supply stores as people put it at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;strategic locations in their garden in order for it to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;appear bigger. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The acrylic mirror can be bent gently without fear &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of breaking, and also has the advantage that it can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;drilled relatively easily without fear of splintering. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you are opting for the cheap option, you can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;get away with using some corrugated cardboard, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;covered in glue, followed by tin foil. Note that your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collector efficiency will not be as good, as the surface &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is not as reflective. However, for a demonstration &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it works to a degree. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next, you need to construct a support for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirror—if you are building to last then use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plywood and framing. A router might be useful to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;machine a groove which will support the mirror, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;if you are making the cheaper cardboard version, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;just need to cut some flaps to support the “mirror.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now we come to the drive mechanism. We have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a couple of options here (Figures 6-2 and 6-3). You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can just provide a simple support for a skewer and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;turn your hot dog by hand. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alternatively, if you are feeling really adventurous, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you can construct a solar motor, which will turn the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;skewer of your hot dog automatically! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 1381 IC &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 2N3904 transistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 2N3906 transistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 3300 µF capacitor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 2.2 k resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This list of components is for the deluxe &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;version—the automatic hot dog turner is a cool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;novelty, but not essential as it is just as easy to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;turn by hand! If you want to make a simpler &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cheaper version, substitute the plywood for card, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the plastic mirror for tin foil, and rather than have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a motor turn your hot dog on a skewer, just &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;provide support for the skewer and do it by hand! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;46 Project 8: Build a Solar Hot Dog Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 8: Build a Solar Hot Dog Cooker&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Solar cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. High efficiency motor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The circuit for the solar motor is shown in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-4, it is a simple circuit, and can easily be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;assembled on stripboard. Once you have constructed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the solar motor driver circuit, you are going to need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to mechanically couple the motor to the skewer. You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may find if your motor is powerful enough, that you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can directly drive the skewer—it would be worth &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;investigating bearings to ensure that your skewer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;turns as freely as possible with a minimum of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resistance. If you find your motor struggles to turn &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the skewer, then use a “worm drive” to reduce the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;speed of the motor—while increasing torque. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar hot dog cookers on the web: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.motherearthnews.com/Green_Home_ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Building/1978_March_April/Mother_s_Solar_ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Powered_Hot_Dog_Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.pitsco.com/the_cause/cause3inv.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.energyquest.ca.gov/projects/solardogs.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/light/solar_ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hotdog_cooker.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;agesubject/lessons/energy/solardogs.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;47 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 8: Build a Solar Hot Dog Cooker Figure 6-2 Solar hot dog cooker. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-3 Drive mechanism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Marshmallows &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Large Fresnel lens &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tin foil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Skewers or a toasting fork &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this project, we are going to collect the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy from a large area, and focus it to a point in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to create localized heating. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One way of collecting the sun’s energy from a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;large area is to use mirrors. We have already &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;explored this in the “solar hot dog cooker.” You &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will read more about concentrating solar energy in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the chapter on Solar Collectors (Chapter 8). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In order to perform this experiment, we are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;going to need a Fresnel lens—again see the chapter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on Solar Collectors for an explanation on how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these work. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Put the marshmallow on a skewer, and rest it on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sheet of tin foil. We are going to use the Fresnel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lens, to focus the sun’s rays onto the marshmallow. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you look out of your window, there is no &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;magnification or reduction of the image—the glass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;does not act like a lens; however, you will notice &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when looking through the Fresnel lens (not at the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun!) the image appears much bigger and magnified. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why is this? If you look closely, you will see &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a series of concentric circles in the Fresnel lens. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now think of a magnifying glass—it is round and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;circular, and “bulges” in the middle. If we look at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the glass from side-on, we can see that both sides &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the lens are curved—but there is also a lot of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glass in the middle! A Fresnel lens “removes” some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the glass from the middle, and flattens the lens &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;onto a sheet. Each little concentric ring that you see &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on the flat Fresnel sheet, is a section of lens curve. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Look at where the sun is in the sky, and hold &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the Fresnel lens perpendicular to an imaginary line &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between the sun and your marshmallow. Move the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lens to and fro along this line, and observe how the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;focused beam of solar energy changes on your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;marshmallow. After a little bit of time, focusing the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun onto the marshmallow, you should see the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;candy begin to toast! No fire required—just the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power of the sun! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshmallow melting web pages! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;worldwatts.com/marshmallows/solar_roaster.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.altenergyhobbystore.com/marshmallow% &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20roaster.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bellnetweb.brc.tamus.edu/res_grid/cuecee05.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;48 Project 9: Build a Solar Marshmallow Melter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-4 Solar motor circuit. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 9: Build a Solar Marshmallow Melter&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Eggs! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Drop of oil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Hot sunny day &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Black tarmac driveway &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Frying pan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sometimes, on a hot sunny day, the black tarmac &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can almost seem painful to walk on barefoot as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it is so hot. If you keep moving, your feet feel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fine; however, if you stand in the same place for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the same time, your feet feel very uncomfortable. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is because the tarmac road surface has the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ability to act as a thermal mass and store heat. If &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you were to stand on say a flimsy piece of black &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;card that had been left in the sun, it would feel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;warm to the touch; however, you would find that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as soon as you stood on it, the heat would be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quickly dissipated—the card doesn’t have the ability &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to store the heat. So, if we want to cook an egg &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on a sunny day . . . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a peek at Figure 6-5 for the ridiculously &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simple method. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a frying pan, put it on a black tarmac surface &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on a hot sunny day, put a drop of oil in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pan and cover the frying pan for a while with a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sheet of glass. The pan is black, the tarmac is black &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and so will have absorbed the sun’s energy. All of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this heat via one process or another will transfer to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the oil, and pretty soon you should have hot oil. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now crack an egg, and you will find that it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooks—once again cover the pan with a sheet of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glass. Of course, this trick requires the right sort of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;day—don’t expect fried egg on a cloudy day in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alaska! But if your climate permits, this is a nice &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;trick! If there is not as much sun as you would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;like, try using reflectors to aim more solar energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;onto your pan! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In fact, with simple solar cooking, I have even &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heard of people baking cookies in their car by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simply putting a black baking tray with cookie &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dough on their dashboard, and parking the car in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sunny setting with the windows up. They then &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;return to the car at lunch to find a tray of cookies &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and a “bakery fresh” smelling car. It sure beats a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Magic Tree for in-car air freshening! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The following link is a great solar cooker site &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;written specifically for younger kids. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pbskids.org/zoom/activities/sci/solarcookers.html&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;49 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 10: Cook Eggs on Your Driveway &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 10: Cook Eggs on Your Driveway Using the Sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-5 Solar egg frying.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sheet of thin MDF &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sheet of flexible mirror plastic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sheet of thin polystyrene &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Veneer panel pins &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bandsaw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Pin hammer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sharp knife/scalpel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Angle marking gauge &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This solar cooker is a very simple project to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;construct—we will be harnessing the sun’s energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from a relatively wide area and concentrating it to a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;smaller area using mirrors (read more in Chapter 8 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about this). The area which we will concentrate it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into will be lined with polystyrene to keep in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the heat. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Construct a box for your cooker out of MDF. I &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;find small veneer pins to be very useful as they can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be hammered neatly into the end grain of thin MDF &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;without splitting the wood. For this application &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they are perfectly strong enough. When you have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;finished the box it should look something like &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-6. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now you need to line the box with polystyrene, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this will prevent the heat from escaping. The lined &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;box will look like Figure 6-7. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now measure the size of the cube inside the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lined polystyrene box. You should cut the mirror &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plastic to this size, and further line the box with it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Duck Tape is more than ideal for making good all &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the joints and securing things into place. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We now need to cut the mirrored reflectors. Cut &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a strip of mirror plastic about two feet wide on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bandsaw. Now, using an angle marking gauge, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mark from the long side of the mirror to the very &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;corner of the mirror, a line which makes an angle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of 67°, forming a right-angled triangle in the scrap &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;piece of plastic. You now need to mark out a series &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of trapeziums along this length of mirror, where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;50 Project 11: Build a Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 11: Build a Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-6 The box constructed from MDF. Figure 6-7 The box lined with polystyrene.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the shortest side is equal to the length of the inside &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the box cooker (Figure 6-8). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now take the mirrored reflectors, and on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nonreflective side, use Duck Tape to join them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;together to form the reflector which will sit on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;top. Using Duck Tape allows you to make flexible &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hinges, which allow the reflector to be folded and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stored out of the way. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When the cooker is finished it will look like &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-9. It is now ready for cooking! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;51 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 12: Build a Solar Camping Stove Figure 6-8 The mirrored reflectors cut ready. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-9 The solar cooker ready and complete. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 12: Build a Solar Camping Stove &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Five sheets of A4 or U.S. letter size cardboard &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tin foil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Glue &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Adhesive tape &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Scissors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is an incredibly simple construction for a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar camping stove. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Simply, take five sheets of cardboard—three of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;them should be joined together by their long edges, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the other two should be joined up by their short &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;edges. Make the joint using adhesive tape so that it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is flexible. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now cover the two pieces you are left with in tin &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;foil. Use glue to secure the foil. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;And that is it! Now all it comes to is setting up &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your stove. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Determine which way the sun is facing, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;orient the three panels so that they all face the sun, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the outer two tilted slightly inwards. Now &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;take the two sheets, one will sit on the ground— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the food stands on top of this. The second sheet &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;should be slightly tilted up toward the can so that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;any overspill light which misses the food is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reflected back onto it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The beauty of this design is that it is very simple, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can be assembled quickly, and fits into the space of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a few sheets of cardboard in your backpack. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The set-up cooker is illustrated in Figure 6-10. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Easy Lid Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/easylid.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Minimum Solar Box Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/minimum.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Heaven’s Flame Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.backwoodshome.com/articles/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radabaugh30.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Cooking Family Solar Panel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/cookit.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Inclined Box Type Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/inclined-box-cooker.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sun Pan Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.sungravity.com/sunpan_overview.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nelpa Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/nelpa.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pentagon Star Coooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/PentagonStar.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dual Setting Panel Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/DSPC-Cooker.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A cardboard and tinfoil cooker with two heat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;settings. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Funnel Cooking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/funnel.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Tire Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/tire_eng.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A solar cooker made from a recycled tire! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are a lot of folk out there who swear by solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooking. All sorts of people have formulated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;different designs of solar cooker. While I have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;presented a few designs that have worked for me, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there are many, many other different types of design &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for different applications. I highly recommend that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you browse some of the following links in order to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;find the solar cooker that is right for you. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Tracking Solar Box Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/Cookerbo.pdf &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fresnel Reflector Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.sunspot.org.uk/ed/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Reflective Solar Box Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/newpanel.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Collapsible Solar Box Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/collapsible-box.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Bernard Solar Panel Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/spc.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;52 Project 12: Build a Solar Camping Stove &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 6-10 The set-up solar stove. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Continued&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar cooking recipes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Potatoes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For a start, cooking potatoes with a solar cooker differs &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a bit from cooking them in a campfire, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you are probably used to, because if you wrap them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in shiny reflective tin foil, the solar energy which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you have gone to painstaking ends to concentrate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;onto the potato will simply be reflected! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Brewing tea &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you want to brew tea in a solar cooker, you can’t &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expect to get boiling water and then make your tea &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conventionally—instead take a jar and a couple of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tea bags, put the tea bags in the jar along with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some clean water (which you might have even got &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from your solar distilling apparatus!). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Soups &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Soups are really easy to cook in a solar cooker. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Furthermore, they are particularly forgiving if the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amount of sunlight is suboptimal, as warmish &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;vegetable soup is quite acceptable whereas rawish &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not fully cooked chicken is totally unacceptable! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nachos &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Everyone loves Nachos! So why not take a bag, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;spread them in a bowl and cover with grated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cheese. Then place the bowl in your solar cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to melt the cheese and give you toasty hot nachos! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bread &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take some old baked bean tins and paint them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;black—you now have the perfect can for cooking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bread! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To cook some simple French bread you will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need a packet of baker’s yeast, a tablespoon of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sugar and a tablespoon of salt, five cups of white &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;flour and a couple of cups of water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Baked potatoes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is a really nice cartoon about cooking &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;potatoes in the sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.hunkinsexperiments.com/pages/potatoes.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources—cont’d &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Parvarti Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.angelfire.com/80s/shobhapardeshi/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;twelvesided.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Windshield Shade Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/windshield-cooker.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A solar cooker made from an old car &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;windscreen reflector shade &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Double Angle Twelve Sided Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/DATS.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A simple cooker design from cardboard &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and tin foil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Parabolic Solar Cooker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.sunspot.org.uk/Prototypes.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A solar cooker with an aluminum reflector &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and card base &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Bottle Pasteurizer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/soda-bottle-pasteurizer.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A pasteurizing device powered by the sun, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and made from recycled materials &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Water Pasteurizer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solarcooking.org/spasteur.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Chimney Dehydrator &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.littlecolorado.org/solar.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Simple plans to build a food drying device &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;powered by the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Cooking in the Peruvian Andes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.sunspot.org.uk/Solar.htm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar cooking in the developing world &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;53 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Cooking Recipes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dissolve the yeast in one cup of slightly warm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water. Sift all of the dry matter into a clean bowl, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stir in the yeast—water mix, add the water from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the second cup in small amounts until the dough is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sticky. Grease a baked bean can which has been &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;painted black, being careful of any sharp edges, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;add the bread mixture and leave it in your solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oven. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar cooking tips &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In many campsites and caravan parks, open fires &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are banned because of the mess they produce and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the smoke which can be unpleasant for other &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;visitors—so while everyone else has run out of gas &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in their cylinder, or is eating cold raw food, now &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would be a great time to crack open the solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cooker and make the rest of the campsite jealous! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You really want to cook on days when the sky is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;clear and the sun can easily be seen—on a cloudy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;day, cooking will be painfully slow. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the great things about solar cooking is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that you can prepare everything in advance, leave &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it in your solar cooker, and when you return everything &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is cooked ready to eat—whereas your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;accomplices cooking with traditional methods still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have to muck about and cook their food! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also—think like this—if you are cooking using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conventional energy inside a home that is air &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conditioned, for every kWh of energy you input to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your cooker, your air conditioning will use about &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;another three trying to remove that heat from your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;home! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;54 Solar Cooking Tips&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Stills &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 7 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water—a precious &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The former World Bank Vice President Ismail &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Serageldin, said that “the next world war will be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;over water.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At first look, this statement seems almost nonsensical, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we are surrounded by water, it falls from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the skies and runs through our streams and rivers; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;however, not all of the world enjoys such plentiful &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;access to water as we do in the developed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;world. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In much of the developing world the land is arid, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and clean drinking water can often mean a walk &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for tens of miles. This problem is exacerbated by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heavy industry building factories which extract &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;what little water there is. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our water is constantly recycled by the natural &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;environment, it follows a pattern called the hydrological &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cycle, which can be very simply represented &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by Figure 7-1. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water evaporates from the earth, plants, animals, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and people, is carried far up into the sky where it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;condenses to form clouds—then it precipitates &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;back to earth in the form of rain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This has a purifying effect on the rainwater, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as when the water evaporates, contaminants are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;left behind—or at least this used to be the case— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sulfur dioxide and other nastiness in the air &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from human activity can be collected by the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rain as it precipitates, with the effect that when &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it lands on the earth, it is acidic. This can cause &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;problems for plants and alkaline rocks, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are damaged by the acid content of the rain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A solar still effectively creates the hydrological &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cycle in miniature in an enclosed volume. The idea &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is that by evaporating water, all of the bacteria, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;salts and other contaminants are left behind, with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the precipitate being pure, drinkable water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Even seawater can be desalinated using this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;process. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are a number of advantages to solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;distillation: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Free energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. No prime movers required &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;History of the solar still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar stills are an old, tried and tested technology— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the earliest record of a solar still being used is in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1551, when Arab alchemists used one to purify &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mouchot, whose name also springs up a couple &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of other times in this book also worked with solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;distillation around 1869. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;55 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-1 The hydrological cycle. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first solar still, in the sense that we would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;recognize it now, was built in the mining community &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of Las Salinas in 1872, in the area which is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;now northern Chile. It was created by a Swedish &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;technologist by the name of Charles Wilson. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plant was massive, about 4,700 square meters— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quite an engineering feat for the time. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The plant produced in excess of 6,000 gallons of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water a day. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The plant was effective and produced water well &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into the 20th century until it was finally closed in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1912. All that remains now are shards of glass and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;salt deposits in the area where the stills were originally &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;constructed. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;56 Project 13: Build a Window-Sill Demonstration Solar Still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 13: Build a Window-Sill Demonstration Solar Still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Pint glass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Egg cup &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Cling film/Saran wrap &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sellotape &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Penny &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tea bag &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Scissors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Kettle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is a demonstration of how solar still technology &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;works. It works great as a science fair demonstration &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;piece, and is of a size that you can quickly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;put it together in a few minutes. This is how it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;works. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, we are going to make our water brackish. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The best way to do this is to put the kettle on! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A few minutes later, after making a brew you have &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;black tea. Allow the teabag to sit in the water for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some time until the water is quite “muddy.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now put your egg cup in the bottom of the pint &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glass, and while holding the egg cup out of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way, carefully pour the tea into the bottom of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“still” making sure not to get any in the egg cup. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now take some clear plastic such as cling film/saran &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wrap and stretch it over the top of the pint glass. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You might want to anchor it around the perimeter of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the glass using a little bit of Sellotape just to make sure. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will want to stick your finger into the plastic in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to stretch it a little bit and create a dip above the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;egg cup. Be careful not to stick your finger through! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You might want to put a little weight, such as a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;small coin, here in order to preserve the dip. Your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;whole assembly should now look something like &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-2. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-2 Demonstration solar still.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Put the glass on a south-facing window sill and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;leave it for a couple of days. After some time, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plastic on top of the still will look something like &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-3. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This water should taste clear and pure, not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“brackish” (i.e. strong tea!). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now you have proved the operation of the solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;still! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;57 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 14: Build a Pit-Type Solar Still Figure 7-3 Precipitated water in the demonstration still. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 14: Build a Pit-Type Solar Still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Polythene sheet &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Cup &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tube &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Rocks &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Spade &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This type of solar still is ideal if you are camping &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in a hot climate or stuck in the desert and you need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to extract some clean drinking water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, you will need to dig a hole with a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;spade. In this hole, you can place green plants, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cacti, pots of brackish water or anything else &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you can gather that could potentially be water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bearing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the middle of this hole, you need to put &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a small cup, bowl or receptacle for water. A &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tube runs from this receptacle to outside the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hole. Water can be extracted using this tube &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;without having to upset the solar still or dismantle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Over the top of the still you need to put a clear &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;polythene sheet. This should be weighted down &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;around the edges using rocks and stones. A small, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light weight should be put in the center dip in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to let the water settle to a point for collection. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is shown in Figure 7-4. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water will precipitate and collect in the receiving &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;vessel over time. In order to collect the water, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;just give a little suck on the pipe as shown in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-5 and pure water will come from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;still. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Warning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;On any camping expedition, remember to take &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sufficient water with you for the amount of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;people and time you will be away. This type of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;still should only be used as a demonstration or in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;emergencies, and does not provide a consistent &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reliable method for providing water for your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;travels, beyond basic, emergency needs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Plywood/oriented strand board &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Framing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Screws &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Glazing (glass/polycarbonate) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Metal U-strip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Black silicone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Low-profile guttering &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Low-profile guttering end pieces &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tube &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Two stop cock valves &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;58 Project 15: Build a Solar Basin Still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-4 Diagram of a pit solar still. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-5 A solar still in operation. Image courtesy © U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 15: Build a Solar Basin Still&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Jigsaw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Screwdriver &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Squeegee &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This project is scaleable depending on your requirements &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for water, which is why no specific measurements &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are presented. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, you will need to calculate your water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;needs. Solar stills can generally produce around a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gallon of water per 8 square feet, this is around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;four liters per square meter. This assumes that your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collector receives 5 hours of good sunlight per day. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Obviously the performance of your still will be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;highly variable, depending on the amount of sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your collector receives. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to construct a wooden box from plywood &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or oriented strand board, with gently sloping &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sides. This is well within the capability of someone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with even modest carpentry skills. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At a position near the tallest side of the box you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will need to drill a hole and insert a pipe with a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;valve that can be opened and shut, to allow you to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;introduce brackish water to be purified. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Then, take a squeegee and some black silicone. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to spread this mixture on the bottom face &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the wooden box so that it gets a thin uniform &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coat. Less important are the sides, but you should &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ensure that by the time you are finished, the inside &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the box is fully lined with silicone. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At the front of the still, that is to say on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shortest side of the box, you need to make a small &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gutter. This gutter will serve to collect your purified &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water which will run down by the force of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gravity from your glazing. You need to make this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gutter out of a waterproof material. The low-profile &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;guttering sold for sheds and outbuildings is ideal. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A hole needs to be drilled in the side of the frame &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of your still, and a pipe introduced to allow you to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;siphon off the clean water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The silicone has two functions. First of all, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it acts as a black collector surface, absorbing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiation and creating heat. But secondly, it protects &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your wood by making the enclosure waterproof. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;On top of this sealed box you need to put a sheet &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of glazing. This needs to be sealed around the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;edges with frame sealant to ensure a good watertight &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fit. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The brackish water should never be allowed to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rise above the level of the guttering, as it would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;contaminate the clean water. The whole solar still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 7-6. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;59 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 15: Build a Solar Basin Still &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 7-6 Diagram of the basin type still.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This page intentionally left blank &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Collectors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 8 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sun provides an abundance of energy over a wide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;area; however, often our solar devices are fairly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;small, and so receive little solar energy. So—what if &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we could take the solar energy from over a wide area, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and concentrate it into a smaller area? This makes a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lot of sense, because it means that the small area &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;receives a much higher amount of solar radiation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So what can solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collectors actually do? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Actually, the sun has quite a phenomenal power— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when concentrated into a small area, its power is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;truly extraordinary. If you were a ghastly child you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might have burnt ants using a magnifying glass— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;well what goes around comes around: remember &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that when a large ethereal figure holds a magnifying &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glass over you. One of my memories of junior &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;school was gathering in a corner of the playground &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;where a group of children were concentrating the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun onto some logs covered in tar and making &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;smoke. Although we did not know it then, we had &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;made a solar collector. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The chances are you’re getting tired of reading &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this, but “this is not a new concept,” in fact, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Greek’s purportedly had a “weapon of mass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;destruction,” that harnessed the power of the sun to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;set fire to enemy boats. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Archimedes—you may have heard of him—he &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;found a few things out, like the concept of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Archimedes screw and the theory of displacement. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Anyway, it is fabled that he had a weapon that was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;created out of mirror-like bronze that he could use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as a death ray—this ray essentially reflected &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;concentrated sunlight! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the book Epitome ton Istorion, John Zonaras &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wrote: “At last in an incredible manner he burned &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;up the whole Roman fleet. For by tilting a kind of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirror toward the sun he concentrated the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;beam upon it; and owing to the thickness and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;smoothness of the mirror he ignited the air from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this beam and kindled a great flame, the whole of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which he directed upon the ships that lay at anchor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the path of the fire, until he consumed them all.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This deadly weapon was allegedly used in the siege &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of Syracuse in 212 BC—like I said, the idea is old! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So this is what MIT did . . . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First they got loads of students on the 2.009 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;course, loads of chairs to act as stands and loads of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirrors (Figure 8-1). Being MIT, they got the cash &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for this kinda stuff! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next they lined all the mirrors up so that the sun’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy was concentrated onto the model of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hull of a boat—voila!—or should that be Eureka? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Flames! (Figure 8-2) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Here we can see the serious damage done by the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;flames to the wood (Figure 8-3)! With a larger mirror &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;area this could have been a formidable weapon! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In Figure 8-4 we see how MIT used a similar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;technique to the one you will use in the next &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;project—cover each mirror up with paper, line &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;each one up individually by removing the piece &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of paper and adjusting the mirror. And then, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when they are all lined up, remove all the bits of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;paper as fast as you can without disturbing the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirrors! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;And as ever, with every serious piece of technological &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;investigation, there is the back of the paper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bag calculation (Figure 8-5). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now it’s your go! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;61 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;62 Solar Collectors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-1 Students, chairs and mirrors! Image courtesy Massachusetts Institute of Technology. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-2 The boat catches fire—Archimedes was right. Image courtesy Massachusetts Institute of Technology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;63 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Collectors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-3 The burnt hull. Image courtesy Massachusetts Institute of Technology. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-4 Lining up the mirrors. Image courtesy Massachusetts Institute of Technology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sheet of MDF &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sheet of flexible mirror acrylic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. 72 long self-tapping screws &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Optional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Silicone sealant &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Drill bit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Hand/cordless drill &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Glue gun and sticks &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ruler &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Set square &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bandsaw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Optional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Mastic gun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OK, so you have finally decided—the time is nigh &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to melt your little brother. While he might be hard &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to melt, you can certainly singe him with this modular &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar death ray! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Don’t worry—you won’t need lots of chairs and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;big A4 mirrors like the guys at MIT! Instead, this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;modular death ray relies on little tiles which are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cut from plastic mirror. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The plan is really simple—you build the death &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ray a tile at a time. One tile is good to experiment &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Warning &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I have used acrylic mirror in this project because &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it is very easy to work with, and can be cut easily &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using a band saw; however, there is nothing to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stop you using a glass mirror if it is available and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you have the correct tools to cut it and work with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it—my only advice is it will be harder to work &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with and much more fragile. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;64 Project 16: Build Your Own “Solar Death Ray” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-5 Working it all out! Image courtesy Massachusetts Institute of Technology. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 16: Build Your Own “Solar Death Ray”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with, but once you become more confident and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;want to expand, you can simply add more tiles! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To begin with, I recommend that you cut yourself &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a piece of MDF that is 36 cm square, although &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;please bear in mind that this measurement is wholly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;arbitrary. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now using a ruler and set square, divide the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sheet into a matrix of six squares by six squares. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This will give you thirty-six equal squares 6 cm &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;square. Now, using the ruler and set square, draw a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;line 1 cm either side of each line making up the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;squares. This will leave you with a sheet that does &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not look dissimilar to Figure 8-6. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You are now going to drill holes for the screws &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that will support the mirrors. You will need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;select a drill that is slightly smaller than the screw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that you are going to drill the hole for. However, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;please note that the screw does not need to be a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tight fit in the hole, as it would be if you were &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;joining two pieces of wood. Instead, the screw is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;only going to be used for light adjustment, so the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;screw can be a relatively slack fit in the hole. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Looking at your board of squares, you are going &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to be drilling two holes in each 6 cm square. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;holes will be at the top left and bottom right, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;where the lines cross to form the smaller square &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inside each square. Sounds confusing, well, take a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;look at the furnace drilling diagram (Figure 8-7), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which shows where to drill in each square. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have drilled all 72 holes, you are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;going to need to think about getting those screws &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in place. This is a really tedious job, so either ask a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;younger sibling, or failing that, if you are an only &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;child you might like to consider investing in an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electric screwdriver—the lazy man’s way out. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You want to put the screws in so that they just &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;protrude from the other side a little way (Figure 8-8). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now is a good time to take your acrylic sheet &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of mirror, and, on a bandsaw, cut 36 identical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;65 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 16: Build Your Own “Solar Death Ray” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-6 Sheet of MDF marked out. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-7 Furnace drilling diagram. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-8 Solar furnace with the screws in place.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6 × 6 cm squares. An easy way to do this is to set &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the gate on your band saw to 6 cm from the blade. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a couple of cuts from your mirror, to give you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6 cm strips, and then cut these strips into squares &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using the gate at the same measurement. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have done this, you need to fix the mirrors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the base plate of the solar furnace. You need to pick &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a corner, which is different to the ones that the screws &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are positioned in, and stick to this corner. What you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will be doing is applying a large glob of either glue or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicone sealant, into which the corner of the mirror &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tile is immersed. The other two corners are supported &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on screws, which permit adjustment of the tile’s angle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;relative to the base board (Figure 8-9). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When all the mirrors are in place, stick a small &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;removable piece of paper, for example a Post-It &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;note to each of the mirrors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Set your collector up so that it faces the sun. Remove &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;one of the pieces of paper in one of the corner mirrors—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;notice where the light forms a bright patch and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;set up an object to be heated or piece of wood there. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Draw an X where there is a bright patch. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, one by one, using the screws for adjustment, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you can change the angle of each individual &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirror. Cover and uncover mirrors one by one &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using the Post-It notes—you will need to work &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quickly as you will find that the sun is constantly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;changing position. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Eventually you will find that you can focus all &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the mirrors onto a single point—this concentrated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy can be used for cooking, heating, or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;experiments (burning things!). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Parabolic dish concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dishes are great for concentrating dispersed energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to a focal point. Take a look at any residential neighborhood, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and you are bound to see a menagerie of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dishes (the state flower of Virginia) sticking out of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the side of houses everywhere! What do you think &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these dishes are doing? Acting as concentrators! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;They take the waves emitted from satellites far above &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the earth’s surface, and concentrate them into a focal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;point which strengthens the signal. Similarly, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might have seen some of the world’s great radio telescopes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;perched up high upon hillsides. These are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;doing exactly the same thing, taking the signal from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a wide area, and focusing it down to a small point. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;They are “concentrating” the weak signals from outer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;space to a fine point where they can be processed. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar concentrators using parabolic dishes are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;exactly the same, the difference being the medium &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;used to coat the dishes. Rather than being reflective &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to radio waves, the coatings used to coat a parabolic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar reflector are mirrors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Again this idea is not particularly new, in fact, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;back in the 1800s a Frenchman by the name of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Augustin Mouchot was actively experimenting with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using solar dishes to concentrate the sun’s energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mouchot was concerned that coal was all going to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be used up and that “Peak Coal” was approaching. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;He said at that time “Eventually industry will no &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;longer find in Europe the resources to satisfy its &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prodigious expansion . . . Coal will undoubtedly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be used up.” One of Mouchot’s solar concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can be seen in Figure 8-10. A little later in 1882, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Abel Pifre, Mouchot’s assistant, demonstrated a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;printing press in the Tuilleries Garden, Paris, powered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by the sun, using a 3.5 m diameter concave concentrating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dish. At the focus of this concentrating furnace, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;66 Project 16: Build Your Own “Solar Death Ray” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-9 Board with mirrors stuck on starting to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;take shape!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was a steam boiler which provided steam for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;printing press. A woodcut drawing of this press is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shown in Figure 8-11. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dishes are great for concentrating dispersed energy &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to a focal point (Figure 8-12a and b). Take a look at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-13 which shows parallel rays of light, entering &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a parabola and being focused to a point. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you want a cheap source for a solar parabolic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mirror, the University of Oxford produce a solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy kit (Figure 8-14), which is inexpensive, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;comes with a budget plastic parabolic mirror. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;67 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Parabolic Dish Concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-10 One of Mouchot’s solar furnace dishes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-11 Pifre’s solar printing press.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;68 Parabolic Dish Concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-12a and b Parabolic mirrors take incoming parallel light (from the sun) and focus it to a point. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-13 Diagram showing how parabolas focus light to a point.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Old satellite dish &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bathroom/kitchen tile adhesive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Small mirror tiles &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Adhesive comb &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Spreader &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is an incredibly easy way to make a parabolic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dish concentrator, and even better, it recycles old &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stuff! Take a satellite dish, and dunk your adhesive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;comb into the bathroom/kitchen tile adhesive. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Working from the center of the dish outwards, spread &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the adhesive using the “comb” side of the spreader. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What the comb does is apply the adhesive in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ridged manner, this means that when you press the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tiles into the adhesive, they have room to settle and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;even themselves out. If you just apply straight flat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;adhesive, when you try to push the tiles in, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;adhesive will ooze out everywhere and make a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mess. As you work from the center, keep adding &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more tiles, trying as best you can to keep them in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;line with the plane of the parabolic satellite dish. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Caution &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I strongly recommend that you perform this operation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in your garage or in a shaded area, as with the addition &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of more mirrors and a little sunlight, a focal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;point can quickly develop which has the potential to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;burn you while you are working! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to purchase some tile adhesive—the sort &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of stuff you would use when applying ceramic tiles &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;onto your walls at home. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need to choose a tile adhesive which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is waterproof, as a non-waterproof tile adhesive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will not stand outside use—for this purpose &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;kitchen/bathroom adhesive is strongly recommended. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;69 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 17: Build Your Own Parabolic Concentrator &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-14 University of Oxford solar energy kit. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 17: Build Your Own Parabolic Dish Concentrator&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Free energy? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar dish collectors take the immense power of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sun, over the area of a dish, and concentrate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that energy by means of reflectors to a central &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;point. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;At the end of 2004, Sandia National Laboratory &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;announced that they were working with Stirling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Energy Systems to build and test a six-dish array. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These six dishes would be capable of producing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;150 kW of power during the day, enough to power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;40 homes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Each dish comprises 82 individual mirrors all &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;focused to a single central point (Figure 8-15). This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;causes a massive amount of heat to be generated at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that point which is used to drive a Stirling engine. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Stirling engine produces mechanical movement, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which is converted to electrical energy by a conventional &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;generator arrangement (Figure 8-16). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the problems inherent with solar dish &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;systems is that they must track the sun—older &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;systems used really heavy mirrors which meant &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that the motors required to track the sun had to be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;big and beefy and drew a lot of energy. With this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;new array of collectors, the mirrors have been &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;designed with a honeycomb structure so they are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;strong, and yet very light indeed. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is said to be the largest array of solar dishes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the world, but big plans are afoot. Eventually, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when the technology is fully proven, massive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;arrays of 20,000 units are imagined filling vast &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fields and plains—producing free energy from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun (Figure 8-17). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you are messy and get adhesive everywhere, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;want to wait a little while until the tiles are firmly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in place, but not so long as for the adhesive to dry, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as it will only be harder to get off once it has set. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To remove adhesive while it is still wet, you need a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;moist cloth, which you can wipe over the surface &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of your mirror tiles, taking off any excess adhesive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the cloth. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;70 Project 17: Build Your Own Parabolic Concentrator &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-15 Solar dish engine system under test. Image courtesy Sandia National Laboratories/Randy Montoya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;71 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Free Energy? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-16 10 kW solar dish Stirling engine water pump. Image courtesy Sandia National Laboratories/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Randy Montoya. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-17 Artist’s rendering of a field of solar engines. Image courtesy Sandia National Laboratories/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Randy Montoya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Fresnel lens &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Feather &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Small piece of rubber &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Wax candle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Multimeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Imagine trying to build a large lens to cover a meter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;square in order to concentrate the sun. What would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you build it out of? Well for a start, the lens would &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be physically quite big if it had to cover a meter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;square, it would also use quite a large volume of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;material. This is not a particularly efficient way of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;doing things. Far better to build a lens that uses less &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;material. This has a number of advantages. First of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;all, it uses less material. As a result of this, the lens &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is not only cheaper, but also lighter. This means if &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our lens is actively tracking the position of the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by a mechanism, the mechanism can be lighter duty, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as it does not need to move such a heavy load. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Where can I get a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fresnel lens? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Here are a few ideas for procuring a Fresnel lens, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;both second hand and new, cost varies widely: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Car reversing lenses are a great source, like &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;those pictured in Figure 8-18, these are often fairly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;small with a fairly coarse lens, but will certainly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;do the job and provide many fun hours of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;experimentation! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fresnel lenses are often sold in small credit card or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;slightly larger sized flat plastic printed versions in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bookshops. They are often sold as a bookmark, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which doubles up as a text magnifier for those with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;poor sight. These lenses are not normally that large; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;however, they have quite a finely ruled lens structure. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Overhead projectors are another great source of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fresnel lenses. If you can find an old projector which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is being discarded, the Fresnel lens is the surface on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which you would place the transparency. As many &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;people are now switching to video projectors and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;presentation software, colleges and schools are often &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;great places to find unwanted overhead projectors. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Old large screen projection televisions are another &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;item that sometimes use large Fresnel lenses to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Very large Fresnel lenses can generate truly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;awesome power—start the experiments in this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chapter with smaller Fresnel lenses such as those &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;used as “magnifying bookmarks” before &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;graduating to larger lenses! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;72 Project 18: Experiment with Fresnel Concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 18: Experiment with Fresnel Lens Concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-18 Car reversing Fresnel lens.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make the picture larger. This will involve a bit of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disassembling—so make sure you are with someone &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who knows what they are doing. Try to find an old &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;broken set, not your father’s latest HDTV wonder if &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you want to live to see your next birthday! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also, for a nice-sized meaty Fresnel lens, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can often find plastic screens that you put in front &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of your TV in order to make it appear bigger. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If all else fails, a quick Google search will throw &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;up a few results for optical suppliers. There are a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lot of vendors selling kits to make large-screen &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;projector TVs from an old screen—these lenses are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;often very overpriced. Online auction sites are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;another good source, or school science catalogs. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are also a couple of entries in the Supplier’s &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Index (see Appendix) for new Fresnel lenses. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How does a Fresnel lens work? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To understand how a Fresnel lens is constructed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and works, we are going to need to do a little &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thought experiment. Picture this. You have a glass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lens which is flat on one side, and round on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;other. We are now going to use a tool to remove &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;material from the center point of the lens. The tool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has a flat end. We are going to remove material &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;until the corners of the flat-ended tool just begin to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;penetrate the round surface. We are now going to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;use another larger tool to remove material from a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;circle around the last. We are going to do this until &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tool just starts to break through the surface. We &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are going to keep doing this with progressively &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;larger tools until we are left with a hollowed lens. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you were to look at the inside of this lens, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;what you would see is a series of flat “steps” cut in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;concentric circles. Now imagine flattening out &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these concentric circles so that they all lay in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;same plane. What you have constructed in your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mind is a Fresnel lens. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a look at Figure 8-19, it shows how a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fresnel lens is simply a normal lens with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unnecessary glass removed and flattened. It is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;important to note, that although Fresnel lenses tend &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to be lighter, they do not possess the same optical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;clarity as ordinary lenses—which is why they are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not used in cameras or microscopes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a look at Figure 8-20. It demonstrates that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;although our Fresnel lens is only a thin sheet of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plastic, it can magnify things significantly. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now try and use your Fresnel lens as a solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;concentrator, hold it above a piece of paper until &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you form a bright white dot of sunlight (Figure 8-21). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Notice how much brighter the concentrated dot is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;compared with the rest of the paper, which is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simply illuminated by the sun. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;73 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 18: Experiment with Fresnel Concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-19 Diagram showing how a Fresnel lens &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;compares to a conventional lens. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-20 A thin Fresnel lens shown magnifying.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A few experiments that you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can do with a Fresnel solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;concentrator &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the point where the sun’s energy is concentrated— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;see what difference it makes if the bulb is covered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in tin foil or black paper. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The intensity of the concentrated light might be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;enough to singe a feather, or even a thin shaving of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rubber from a balloon or latex glove. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Try shining the beam of light onto a photovoltaic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell connected to a multimeter and load—see how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it affects the amount of power produced. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You might also want to see if you can melt a wax &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;candle using the power of your concentrated light. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;74 Project 18: Experiment with Fresnel Concentrators &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 8-21 Concentrating solar energy using a Fresnel lens.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pumping water is an essential task—we need water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to drink, wash, cook, and sanitize and irrigate with. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water can be used for utility, or it can be used for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dramatic effect, creating tranquility and pleasantness &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in our surroundings. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Using solar energy to pump water makes quite &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a bit of sense. Our demand for water often rises &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when the sun is shining. Think of agriculture— &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there is more sun in the summer, and that is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when we want pumped water to irrigate our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;crops. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can use water features to enhance our environment, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water naturally has a calming destressing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;effect, and its importance is emphasized by disciplines &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;such as Feng Shui. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water can be used to add prestige to an area. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The U.K. Centre for Engineering and Manufacturing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Excellence (CEME) has a fountain outside, powered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by solar photovoltaics on the roof. This can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;seen in Figure 9-1. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Similarly at home, you use your water features &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the garden when the sun is shining, not when &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sky is gloomy and the weather overcast. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this sort of application, the intermittency of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar energy does not matter so much. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Also, water can be stored relatively easy. When &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we actually pump it to our location doesn’t really &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;matter, as it can happily sit there in a tank. This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;means that we can use a supply tank to even out &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some of the intermittency problems. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are other solutions to the problem; even in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;low light, we can harness the energy that the sun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produces and store it in capacitors. When the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy stored builds up to a sufficient level, a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;small amount of pumping can be performed and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the cycle repeats again. This is shown in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;display at the Centre for Alternative Technology, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;U.K. (Figure 9-2). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This has some interesting consequences for our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy supply. The pumped power station at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dinorwig, Wales, draws water up into a large &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reservoir using excess power from the grid. When &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there is a shortage of power, that water is allowed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to flow down hill through hydroelectric generators, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;producing power as it does so. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As we can see, there are many cogent reasons &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for using solar energy to pump our water—now &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;let’s move on to some practical projects: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;75 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 9 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Pumping &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 9-1 Photovoltaic-powered fountains enhance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the CEME, U.K. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Adding a solar-powered fountain to your school, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;home, or office is a great way to create a peaceful &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;relaxing atmosphere. The modern world demands a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lot of us, and it is nice to have some space where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we can quietly go and relax and listen to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;soothing sound of trickling water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, you need to decide what sort of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fountain you want. There are a number of different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;options here—you might want a plume of water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;jetting into the air, you might like to add a trickling &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;brook waterfall to your garden, or you might want &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a bell shaped fountain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have decided on your feature, nip down &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the garden center to see what fixtures and fittings &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they have in store. Regular pump fittings will often &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;specify the flow rate of the fixture, this essentially &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;means what volume of water can be pumped at what &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rate, and also how high the water can be pumped. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We call this the “head” of water. We will size our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump appropriately to produce this head of water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As a rough guide, a calm, trickling waterfall will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;demand between 1 and 2 gallons per minute (gpm), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or between 3 and 8 liters per minute (lpm) if you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are working in metric. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For something with a little more razzmatazz, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you might like a plume of water shooting into the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;air. This will generally demand a little more water, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;say 4–7 gpm or 15–27 lpm. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you want the whole shebang with a cascading &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;waterfall with a heavier current, then you really &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need to be considering flow rates of around 7–16 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gpm, which works out as around 27–60 lpm. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you need to convert flow of water between metric &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and imperial, I suggest you nip along to: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.deltainstrumentation.com/calcs.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;76 Project 19: Build a Solar-Powered Fountain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 9-2 The solar pumping display at the Centre for Alternative Technology, U.K. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 19: Build a Solar-Powered Fountain&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Manufacturer’s figures can often be optimistic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and sometimes unreliable. While the minutiae &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sometimes don’t matter, if you want to be sure and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;test flow rate, all you need is a gallon bucket and a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stopwatch. Time how long it takes to fill up the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bucket. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you go to choose your pump, you need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;realize that there are pumps, and there are pumps! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The type that you require is a “DC submersible &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump.” A submersible pump is already waterproofed &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and will happily sit in the sump of your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water feature. It sucks the water from the sump, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and forces it out through a pipe. One of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;beauties of this type of pump is that it does not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;require “priming,” a procedure which is tiresome &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and often required by some other pumps. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to pick a pump that has a similar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power rating to your solar array. Keep everything &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to 12 V, and if at all possible, oversize the solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;panel slightly to give you adequate performance in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;poorer weather. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you can’t find a source of low-voltage DC &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pumps, then take a trip to your local chandler or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;boat shop. They will often sell low-voltage pumps &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that are used to pump water out from the bottom of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;boats. These are known as “bilge pumps” and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shouldn’t cost a lot of money. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In order to keep things nice and simple, we are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;just going to connect our solar panel directly to our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump (see Figure 9-5). This is nice because it allows &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you to visually observe the relationship between the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;water flowing through your feature, and the amount &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of sunlight falling on your panel. It does, however, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mean that in overcast weather your feature will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Siting your panel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You might want to heed the guidance given in some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the other chapters in this book on correctly siting &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your solar panel. Furthermore, you want to ensure &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that your solar panel is correctly insulated and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;protected against the elements. The waterproof solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;panel showcase in Figure 9-3 is ideal and furthermore, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;looks attractive. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Don’t hide your panel, proudly display your solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;credentials, make it a part of the feature, as shown in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the solar fountain at CAT (Figure 9-4). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hint &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Remember the 10:1 rule for working out horizontal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;distances of pipe. First of all, it assumes you are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using pipe that is about 1/2 in. or 12 mm. It requires &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy to pump water horizontally, so think to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;yourself for every 10 units horizontally, it is the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;same as 1 unit of head. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Deciphering pump specifications &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you buy your pump from the manufacturer, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it will state on it a number of figures, it should tell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you how high the pump will pump water, this is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;known as the head. Furthermore, it should also state &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the flow rate of the pump, which is how much water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it will pump for any given period of time. What &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you need to realize, is that as you increase the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;demand for head, the flow rate will suffer. This is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;really important to bear in mind when selecting &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;equipment. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;77 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 19: Build a Solar-Powered Fountain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 9-3 Waterproof solar panel showcase.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;perform poorly, if at all; but then who wants to be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;outside when it is overcast! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next, before committing to a feature, take your &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump, dump it in a bucket of water and connect it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to your panel to check that everything is working. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Check this setup in good light to ensure that it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your setup, not the sun which is the problem. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now you need to build a sump of some sort for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;your pump to sit in. Again, a trip to the garden &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;center may yield a nice large-sized waterproof &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;container, butt, or bucket. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you are feeling particularly energetic, you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;could dig a hole in the ground, line it with fine &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sand, ensuring that there are no sharp protruding &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;edges, and then line it with a waterproof liner. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You want your sump to be able to hold a fair &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quantity of water—the water in our feature will be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;recirculated, rather than constantly replenished. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ensure that when your submersible pump sits in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the sump it is fully immersed in water. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 9-4 Solar panel on display. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 9-5 Diagram of the solar water feature. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;78 Project 19: Build a Solar-Powered Fountain&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One you have satisfied yourself that your pump &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and module work together satisfactorily, you will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need to install your feature. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Things to consider &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Flexible plastic tubing and jubilee clips are infinitely &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;easier to work with than copper pipe and solder. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will want to provide some sort of mechanical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;protection for your cable to ensure that it does not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;become chafed, or cannot easily be damaged by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gardening activities such as digging. Encase the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pipe in a hard plastic pipe, or mount it above &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ground where it can clearly be seen. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hint &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Because of the low-voltage, low-current nature of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a single photovoltaic module connected to a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pump, many region’s electrical codes will not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;require a fuse, breaker, or other disconnection &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;device; however, check your local regulations to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be on the safe side. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;79 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 19: Build a Solar-Powered Fountain&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This page intentionally left blank &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Photovoltaics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 10 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A solar photovoltaic device is one which takes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light from the sun and turns it into electricity. In &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;doing so, it produces no emissions or harmful &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;waste, and does so completely silently! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The origin of photovoltaic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;None of this would be possible if it hadn’t been for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the work of French Physicist Edmund Becquerel, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who in 1839, discovered the photovoltaic effect. In &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fact, Becquerel is a bit of an inspiration for young &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;HomeBrewPoweres wanting to experiment with solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy, as he made his discoveries when he was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;only 19! In 1883, Charles Fritts, an American &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inventor, devised the first practical solar cell, when &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;he took some selenium and covered it with a fine &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coating of gold. His cell wasn’t particularly efficient, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with 1% or so conversion efficiency from light to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electricity; however, his design of cell later found &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;applications as a sensor in early cameras to detect &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the light level—being used to “sense” light rather &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than to generate power in any real quantity. Albert &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Einstein went on to further develop the theory of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the nature of light and the mechanism through &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which the photoelectric effect works, the discovery &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was considered so important that he won the Nobel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prize in 1905. Because of their high cost and low &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;efficiency at that time, there were a lack of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;applications for photovoltaic cells. It was not until &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bell Laboratories started looking at the idea again &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the 1930s that Russell Ohl discovered the silicon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic cell. This device was patented as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Patent no: US2402662 “Light sensitive device.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now the efficiency of solar cells began to increase. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first generation of practical solar cells was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;horrendously expensive, and this severely limited &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;their range of applications. The advantages of using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic cells to turn sunlight into electrical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power were initially appreciated for powering &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;satellites and space-missions. With the space race &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the 1950s and 1960s, there was suddenly a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;good application for solar cells—despite the cost, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells were suitable for generating energy in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the remote reaches of space. Vanguard 1 was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;launched on March 17, 1958, and was the first &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;artificial satellite to employ solar photovoltaic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells. With the injection of funding and research &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that came with the space race, solar cells began to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;come into their own. Over the years that followed, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar photovoltaic technologies have been refined &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and developed and new techniques explored. We &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are now at the point where we have a range of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;different photovoltaic technologies, and we will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;explore these now. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar cell technologies &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There are a number of different technologies that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can be used to produce devices which convert light &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into electricity, and we are going to explore these &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in turn. There is always a balance to be struck &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between how well something works, and how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;much it costs to produce, and the same can be said &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for solar energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We take solar cells, and we combine them &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into larger units called “modules,” these modules &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can again be connected together to form arrays. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thus we can see that there is a hierarchy, where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the solar cell is the smallest part (see Figure 10-1). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;81 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this chapter we are going to look at the structure &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and properties of solar “cells,” but bear in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mind, when combined into modules and arrays, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar “cells” here are mechanically supported by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;other materials—aluminum, glass, and plastic. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the materials that solar cells can be made &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from is silicon—this is the material that you find &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inside integrated circuits and transistors. There are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;good reasons for using silicon, it is the next most &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;abundant element on earth after oxygen. When you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consider that sand is silicon dioxide (SiO2), you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;realize that there is a lot of it out there! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Silicon can be used in several different ways to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produce photovoltaic cells. The most efficient solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;technology is that of “monocrystalline solar cells,” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these are slices of silicon taken from a single, large &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon crystal. As it is a single crystal it has a very &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;regular structure and no boundaries between crystal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;grains and so it performs very well. You can generally &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;identify a monocrystalline solar cell, as it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;appears to be round or a square with rounded &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;corners; you can see monocrystalline solar cells in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-2. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the caveats with this type of method, as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you will see later, is that when a silicon crystal is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“grown,” it produces a round cross-section solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell, which does not fit well with making solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;panels, as round cells are hard to arrange efficiently. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next type of solar cell we will be looking at, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also made from silicon, is slightly different, it is a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“polycrystalline” solar cell. Polycrystalline cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are still made from solid silicon; however, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;process used to produce the silicon from which the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells are cut is slightly different. This results in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“square” solar cells. However, there are many &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“crystals” in a polycrystalline cell, so they perform &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;slightly less efficiently, although they are cheaper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to produce with less wastage. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, the problem with silicon solar cells, as we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will see in the next experiment, is that they are all &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;effectively “batch produced,” which means they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are produced in small quantities, and are fairly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expensive to manufacture. Also, as all of these &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells are formed from “slices” of silicon, they use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;quite a lot of material, which means they are quite &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expensive. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, there is another type of solar cells, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;so-called “thin-film” solar cells. The difference &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;82 Solar Photovoltaics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-1 Cells, modules and arrays. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-2 Monocrystalline solar cells made into &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a panel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between these and crystalline cells is that rather &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than using crystalline silicon, these use chemical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;compounds to semiconduct. The chemical compounds &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are deposited on top of a “substrate,” that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is to say a base for the solar cell. There are some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;formulations that do not require silicon at all, such &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as CIS (copper indium diselenide) and cadmium &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;telluride. However, there is also a process called &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“amorphous silicon,” where silicon is deposited &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on a substrate, although not in a uniform crystal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;structure, but as a thin film. In addition, rather than &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;being slow to produce, thin-film solar cells can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produced using a continuous process, which makes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;them much cheaper. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, the disadvantage is that while they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are cheaper, thin-film solar cells are less efficient &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than their crystalline counterparts. Some different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar photovoltaic technologies are compared in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Table 10-1. Figures are given for the efficiency of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the cell technology, and the average area of cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;required to generate 1 kW peak power when facing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the right direction! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When looking at the merits of crystalline cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and thin-film cells, we can see that crystalline &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells produce the most power for a given area. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, the problem with them is that they are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expensive to produce and quite inflexible (as you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are limited to constructing panels from standard &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell sizes and cannot change or vary their shape). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;By contrast, thin-film cells are cheap to produce, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the only factor limiting their shape is the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;substrate they are mounted on. This means that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you can create large cells, and cells of different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shapes and sizes, all of which can be useful in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;certain applications. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to take a detailed look at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;making two different types of solar cell, one will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be a crystalline solar cell, and the other a thin-film &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cell. Both of the experiments are designed to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be “illustrative,” rather than to actually make a cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with a useful efficiency. The technology required &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to make silicon solar cells is out of the reach of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;home experimenter, so we are going to “illustrate” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the process of how a solar cell is made, using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;things you can find in your kitchen. For thin-film &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells, we are going to make an actual solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell, which responds to light with changing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electrical properties; however, the efficiency of our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell will be very poor, and it will not be able to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;generate a useful amount of electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How are crystalline &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic cells made? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this section we are going to look at how photovoltaic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells (PV) are made. However, rather than &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;taking a dull, textbook approach, we are going to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make the whole process fun by doing some practical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;kitchen experiments that mimic the process that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;happens in solar cell factories all around the world. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How do they work? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, let’s cover a little bit of the theory. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ordinary silicon forms into a regular crystalline &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;structure. If you look at Figure 10-3, you can see &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the way that the silicon atoms align themselves &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into a regular array. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To make silicon “semiconducting,” we can take a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;little bit of another chemical, in this case boron, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;83 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Photovoltaics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Table 10-1 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Efficiency of different cell types &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Area required &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to generate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1 kW peak &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cell material Efficiency power &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Monocrystalline silicon 15–18% 7–9 m2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Polycrystalline silicon 13–16% 8–11 m2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thin-film copper indium 7.5–9.5% 11–13 m2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diselenide (CIS) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cadmium telluride 6–9% 14–18 m2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Amorphous silicon 5–8% 16–20 m2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Source data: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Sonnenenergie e.V.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;introduce it to the silicon. Where there is a boron &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;atom, there is also a missing electron. This creates &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a “hole” in the outer shell of the boron atoms and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its neighboring silicon atom (Figure 10-4). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If we add a little bit of phosphorus to our silicon, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we get the opposite effect, a “spare” electron &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Figure 10-5), which doesn’t quite know where to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fit in. As a result, it sort of “lingers uncomfortably” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;waiting for something to happen. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, we can use these two types of “doped” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon to make semiconducting devices, in this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;case “photovoltaic cells.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A photovoltaic solar cell is a bit like a sandwich. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is made from layers of different types of silicon, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as illustrated in Figure 10-6. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Starting from the base, we have a large contact. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Then on top of this we have a layer of p-type &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon, a junction called the space charge region &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;84 Solar Photovoltaics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-3 Plain old silicon—its atomic structure. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-4 Silicon doped with boron—note the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;missing electron. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-5 Silicon doped with phosphorus—note the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;spare electron. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-6 Cutaway solar cell.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;where the magic occurs, and a slice of n-type &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon on top. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;On top of all this is layered a grid electrode, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which does the job of making the other contact. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, photons from the sun hit our solar cell, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in doing so “spare” negatively charged electrons, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are “knocked” across the boundary between p- and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;n-silicon, which causes a flow of electrons around &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the circuit. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to look at how the silicon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for these solar cells is manufactured, using &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some things you can do at home. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Plastic coffee jar (empty) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Skewer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Hardboiled egg &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Sugar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Food coloring &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Compass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Egg slicer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To make a photovoltaic cell we need silicon, this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;project is going to show you how solar cells are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produced from crystalline silicon. The words &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“crystalline silicon” should indicate to you that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this type of solar cell is made from crystals of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon. We saw earlier how silicon aligns itself &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into a regular crystalline array, now we are going &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to look at growing this crystal. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In industry, silicon crystals are grown to form a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;uniform cylinder of silicon which is used as the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;base material for crystalline solar cells. There is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plenty of silicon about on the earth, in fact, as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mentioned previously, after oxygen it is the second &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;most abundant element. When you think that sand &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and quartz all contain silicon and then imagine the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amount of sand in the world, you begin to realize &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that we are not going to run out of silicon in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hurry! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The problem with sand is that it also contains &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oxygen in the form of silicon dioxide, which must &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be removed. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The industrial process used to produce silicon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;requires temperatures of around 32708F (which is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about 18008C). Obviously we can’t experiment &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with these sorts of temperatures at home—but we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can recreate the process! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you don’t want to get the individual bits and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bobs, a couple of educational scientific vendors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sell rock-growing kits. These links are to suppliers &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of kits of parts: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. scientificsonline.com/product.asp?pn=3039234&amp;amp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bhcd2=1151614245 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. www.sciencekit.com/category.asp_Q_c_E_737919 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. www.scienceartandmore.com/browseproducts/ &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rock-Candy-Growing-Experiment-kit.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you want to do it all yourself, then you can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;see from Figure 10-7 that the process is a relatively &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;easy one! You are going to need a saturated sugar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solution, this will sit in the lid of your coffee jar. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, take a large crystal of sugar, often sold as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“rock sugar” and “glue” it to the end of the skewer. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next, drill a hole the same diameter as the skewer, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and poke the skewer through the bottom of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coffee jar. Stand it on a windowsill and lower the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;crystal into the saturated sugar solution. Over some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 20: Grow Your Own “Silicon” Crystals &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;85 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 20: Grow Your Own “Silicon” Crystals&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;time, crystals should start to grow—pull the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;skewer up slowly, bit by bit, so that the growing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;crystal is still in contact with the sugar solution. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is just like the way that silicon is grown. The &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon is drawn up slowly from a bath of molten hot &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;silicon (which is analogous to our saturated sugar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solution). This is shown in Figure 10-8. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once this large crystal of silicon has been manufactured, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it must be cut into slices to manufacture &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the solar cells. I like to think of this a bit like the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;way an egg is sliced to make sandwiches by an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;egg slicer—see the analogy in Figures 10-9 and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10-10. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Slice and dope” your silicon &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;crystals &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Slicing an egg with an egg slicer is much like the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;process that happens when a solar cell is manufactured. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Each slice of silicon is then called a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“wafer.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We now need to create a p–n junction in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wafer; to do this phosphorus is diffused into the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surface of the silicon. Dip your egg into some food &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coloring or beetroot juice, and you will see that the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;juice covers one surface of the egg slice. Now, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;imagine that slice of egg were a solar cell, with the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;beetroot-soaked face pointing toward the light. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Imagine an electrical contact on either side of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;egg slice is connected to our circuit. The photons &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;86 Project 20: Grow Your Own “Silicon” Crystals &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-7 Growing sugar crystals. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-8 Growing silicon crystals. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-9 Slicing eggs. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-10 Slicing silicon.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hit the colored side, which is “doped” with phosphorus &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to produce some extra electrons. By giving &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these electrons additional energy from the photons, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they are able to “jump” the gap, across to the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“boron” doped silicon (the plain old egg) where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they fill the “holes” where there are electrons &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;missing from the atomic structure. With a steady &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stream of photons, hitting the cell, a heavy stream &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of electrons are encouraged to migrate across the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;p–n junction, then travel around the circuit doing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;useful work! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now these cells can be integrated into larger &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;modules, or even arrays, to produce more power. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now we have looked at the technology of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;crystalline solar cells using silicon, let us turn our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;attention to thin-film solar cells. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 21: Build Your Own “Thin-Film” Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Copper sheeting &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Clear Plexiglas/Perspex/acrylic sheeting &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Some thin wood strip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Copper wire &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Duct tape &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Metal guillotine (optional) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Bandsaw (optional) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tin snips &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Electric ring hob &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, cut a square of the copper sheeting so &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that it is about 6–8 in. square in size. It is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;much easier to do this with a metal guillotine &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Figure 10-12); however, if you haven’t got &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;access to this sort of equipment, tin snips will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;work just fine. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When you have done this, wash your hands &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thoroughly and dry them. You need to remove any &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;grease or oil from your hands that could cause &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;problems with the next step of the process. Remove &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;any grease or detritus from the copper sheeting. Next, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;take a piece of emery cloth (see Figure 10-13), and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thoroughly sand down the piece of copper on both &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sides to remove the top layer of oxidized copper.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;87 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 21: Build Your Own “Thin-Film” Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all a little disclaimer ... the solar cell you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are about to build here is horribly, horribly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inefficient. Please do not have any plans to use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these to power your home. The amount of current &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that they produce is very small and not economically &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;exploitable. While this is a shame, this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;project is very interesting, educational and helps &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you get to grips with the photoelectric effect. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-11 Doping with phosphorus.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This will leave you with nice bright shiny red &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;copper underneath. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You now need to heat treat the copper, in order &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to form an oxide coating on top. It may sound &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;counterintuitive that we have just removed all the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oxide and now we are going to put oxide back on, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but the oxide coating we will be applying will be a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;film of “cuprous oxide.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need an electric hob to do this. If you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have any “heat proof gloves” and metal tongs, this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might be the time to get them in order to handle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the metal while hot. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You need to turn the burner to the highest &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;setting, with the sheet of copper just placed on top. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Observe the changes to the copper carefully, they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are very interesting. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As you heat the copper, it takes on a lovely vivid &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patina of different colors. Obviously, the pages &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;here are black and white, so I can’t show you, but &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;if you look at Figure 10-14 a–e you will see the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;changes that the plate goes through. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;88 Project 21: Build Your Own “Thin-Film” Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-12 Cutting the copper with a guillotine. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-13 Cleaning the copper with emery cloth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will see a black crusty oxide form on top of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the copper plate. If you leave the plate to cool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;slowly, the crusty layer should become fairly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fragile and separate easily from the underlying &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;copper. When you have allowed the plate to cool &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thoroughly, give the plate a firm bang edge-on to a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hard surface. Some of the oxide will pop off. Rub &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the oxide gently with your fingers under a tap, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you will find most of the black layer of oxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;comes off easily. If any bits are stubborn, do not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;under any circumstances scour them, as we do not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;want to damage the fragile surface. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Under this black layer of oxide, you will find &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;another layer of a reddish orange rust color. This is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the layer which is “photosensitive” and will make &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our thin-film solar cell work. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Make a spacer now from some thin strips of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wood (Figure 10-15). I used duct tape to join my &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pieces of wood together—do not use metal fixings &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as they could react electrolytically with the other &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;components of the cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to make another electrode. It &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has to have the property that it does not touch the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;89 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 21: Build Your Own “Thin-Film” Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-14 The shiny copper plate on the burner. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hint &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If you have access to nitric acid, you can use this &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as a superior method for removing the upper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cupric oxide layer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;other piece of the solar cell, and allows light to hit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the surface. We are going to use salt water as our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;other electrode, making contact with the whole &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surface of the thin film cell, yet conducting electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are then going to immerse another copper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wire to make the connection. You could equally &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;use another piece of copper plate around the outside &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the thin-film cell, but not touching our oxidized &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;copper. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In a commercial thin-film cell, tin oxide is commonly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;used as the other electrode, as it is clear and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;yet conducts electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now take a piece of Perspex to act as a cover &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plate, and stick a strip of duct tape on either side, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as shown in Figure 10-16. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are going to stick our other electrode wire to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this piece of Perspex. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In Figure 10-17, I have used thickish wire for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;clarity, with few actual zigzags so that you can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;clearly see what is going on. To optimize the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;performance of your solar cell, you want to make &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the conductor large. To this end, you are better &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using lots of thinner gauge wire in a much finer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;zigzag pattern—this will still allow the light to get &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;through, but at the same time gives a large &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conductor area. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You can experiment with different types of wire &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and copper—the trick is to try and maximize the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surface area of the copper, while trying to block as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;little light as possible from reaching the solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fold the duct tape over and stick the wire to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the plate. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to combine the electrode plate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the space. Again, duct tape makes this a nice &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;easy job (Figure 10-18). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Next, we are going to take the copper plate, and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stick duct tape to one side, with the sticky side of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tape facing the same direction as the layer of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;red copper oxide (Figure 10-19). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;90 Project 21: Build Your Own “Thin-Film” Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-15 The spacer piece. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-16 Perspex and duct tape. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-17 Wire electrode.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Combine the plate and the front module to make &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the finished solar cell (Figure 10-20). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, take a little salt water, and fill the void &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between the Perspex front section and the copper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plate. Seal the module with duct tape all round to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prevent leakage. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Finally, connect your module to a multimeter, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;find a bright light source, and explore some of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electrical properties of your solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Experiments with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this project we will be performing a range of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;experiments with photovoltaic cells that allow us &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to learn something about their characteristics and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how they perform in different applications. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The experiments in this project could form &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a great basis of a science fair stand or poster &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;display. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;91 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 21: Build Your Own “Thin-Film” Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-18 Perspex plate and electrode combined. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-19 The copper plate with duct tape fixings. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-20 The finished solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chemical data file: cuprous &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cuprous oxide (red) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Formula Cu2O &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Molecular weight 143.08 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Physical appearance Red to reddish brown &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;powder&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 22: Experimenting with the Current–Voltage &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Characteristics of a Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Graph paper and pencil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Computer with spreadsheet package &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can learn a lot about solar cells’ electrical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;characteristics by plotting the “current–voltage” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;curve of the device. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To carry out the experiment, we will need to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ensure that the solar cell receives constant illumination &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;all the time. Use a bright lamp, and position &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it a fixed distance above the solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 10-21. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to adjust the variable resistor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from one extreme to the other, noting how the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;readings on the voltmeter and ammeter change as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we do so. At this point you need to make careful &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;notes as to the current and the voltage at each &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stage. You can do this on paper, or, if you have a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PC handy, on a spreadsheet. Try and take at least &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;15 or so different readings to help you plot an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;accurate curve. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now plot the points on your graph paper, or by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using the chart wizard on a spreadsheet program. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Compare your graph to Figure 10-22. The graph &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tells us how the solar cell will perform when &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;different loads are applied. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;92 Project 22: Current–Voltage Characteristics &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-21 Circuit to determine the current–voltage &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;curve of a single solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-22 Current–voltage characteristics of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a single solar cell.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 23: Experimenting with Current–Voltage &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Characteristics of Solar Cells in Series &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 24: Experimenting with Solar Cells in Parallel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Three photovoltaic cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Graph paper and pencil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Computer with spreadsheet package &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Three photovoltaic cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Graph paper and pencil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Computer with spreadsheet package &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now we are going to repeat the experiment above, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but we are going to do it three times. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 10-23. First &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;using one cell, then two, then three. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You can reuse your result for above for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;single solar cell, but we are now going to add two &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;additional lines to our graph—one for two solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells connected in series, and another for three &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells in series. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What can we see from the results (Figure 10-24)? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Well, it is clear that when we add multiple solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells in series, the voltages “add up.” However, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;current produced remains the same. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;93 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 24: Experimenting with Solar Cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-23 Circuit to determine the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;current–voltage curve of solar cells in series. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-24 Current–voltage curve of solar cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;connected in series.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We are now going to connect solar cells in parallel &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and repeat the experiment. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Again, we will end up with a graph with three &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lines. Make a prediction now! How do you expect &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this graph to differ from the one when we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;connected solar cells in series? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The solar cells will be connected in accordance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with Figure 10-25. First connect one cell, then two &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in parallel, then three! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now plot the graph from the points that you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;obtained (Figure 10-26) and compare it to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-24. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How do the two graphs differ? Well, it can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;seen that in the parallel plots, the voltage remains &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the same throughout, and it is the current that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;changes—contrast this to the series experiment &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;where it was the voltage that changed. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;94 Project 25: The “Inverse Square Law” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-25 Circuit to determine the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;current–voltage curve of solar cells in parallel. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-26 Current–voltage curve of solar cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;connected in parallel. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 25: Experiment with the “Inverse Square Law” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Graph paper and pencil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Computer with spreadsheet package &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The inverse square law says that for each unit of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;distance you move a light away from a solar cell, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the amount of received light is equal to the inverse &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the square of that distance (Figure 10-27). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As we are trying to measure the light only from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a point source, it is a good idea if you can try and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;do this in a darkened room. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a single solar cell, and connect a voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and ammeter across its terminals. We are going to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;move the light away and measure the voltage and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the current produced. Remember, it is easy to find &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the total “power” produced by multiplying the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;voltage and the current together. Compare the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power generated, to the distance that the light &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;source is from the solar cell. Plot this in a copy of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Table 10-2. What do we learn about the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;relationship between the light falling on the cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the power generated? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our solar cell produces more power when there &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is more light falling on it. We can repeat the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;experiment for a current–voltage curve, with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;different amounts of light falling on the solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What we learn is that the current–voltage &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;curve of the cell changes depending on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;amount of light falling on it. This can be seen in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-28. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;95 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 25: The “Inverse Square Law” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-27 Inverse square law. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-28 How the current–voltage curve of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cell changes with varying illuminance. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Table 10-2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Measuring power produced by a solar cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when light is held at different distances &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Distance Distance Load Short circuit &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(in.) (cm) voltage (V) current (mA) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;0 0 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2 5 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4 10 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6 15 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;8 20 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10 25 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;12 30 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;14 35 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;16 40 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18 45 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20 50&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 26: Experimenting with Different Types &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of Light Sources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 27: Experimenting with Direct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Diffuse Radiation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Paper to shade &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The concept that we are going to get to grips with &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in this experiment is that reflected light can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produce an awful lot of illumination and hence &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Look at the two types of radiation hitting the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cell in Figure 10-29. Now, using the techniques &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shown in Figures 10-30 and 10-31, shade &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the solar cell from either direct or indirect &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiation and note the amount of power that is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produced. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this experiment we are going to look at the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;range of values for power produced from different &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light sources. Take your solar cell, and connect it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the same manner as when we measured current– &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;voltage curves, and try different sources of light. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Plot the results in a copy of Table 10-3. How does &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the power generated compare with natural light? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;96 Project 27: Direct and Diffuse Radiation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Table 10-3 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Measuring power produced by a solar cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with different light sources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Type of light Load voltage (V) Current (mA) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sunlight (sunny day) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sunlight (dull day) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sunlight (overcast day) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Incandescent lamp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Compact fluorescent &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lamp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fluorescent lamp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ultraviolet lamp &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Orange sodium street &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How does the amount of power produced from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;indirect radiation compare to that from direct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiation? There are solar cells available called &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“bifacial solar cells” (Figure 10-32). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These solar cells are mounted on a clear substrate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to form a module. They have the advantage &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that they can collect light from both sides, so &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they can absorb direct and indirect radiation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This means that they can absorb more power than &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;had they just been collecting light from one &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;direction. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In Figure 10-33, they have been mounted on the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;roof of a covered walkway. In this application, the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells are serving two purposes—generating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;clean energy, while keeping the rain off people &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;walking along the walkway. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;97 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 27: Direct and Diffuse Radiation Figure 10-29 Radiation hitting a solar cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-30 Blocking indirect radiation. Figure 10-31 Blocking direct radiation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;98 Project 27: Direct and Diffuse Radiation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-32 Bifacial solar cells. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-33 Bifacial solar cells on the roof of a covered walkway.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 28: Measurement of “Albedo Radiation” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Light source &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Photovoltaic cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Voltmeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Ammeter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Variable resistance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Paper to shade &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What is albedo radiation? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The ground is a surface just like any other, it has &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the capability to reflect radiation so we must not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ignore it. Just think, black tarmac is bound to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reflect less radiation than say a light gray concrete. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why are we bothered—our solar cells point &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;toward the sky don’t they? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Well, yes, that is true in most cases; however, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bifacial solar cells are able to accept solar radiation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on both faces. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The experiment &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next experiment may seem counterintuitive, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but it is very worthwhile. We are going to be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;measuring albedo radiation. Using your solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;setup, point your PV panel at the floor and take a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;measurement (Figure 10-34). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What did you expect? A zero reading? In fact, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as you can see, there is still a lot of energy in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“indirect” radiation which is reflected from other &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surfaces. We saw in the last experiment how &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bifacial solar cells are able to collect the solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy reflected from two faces. Therefore, in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;covered walkway they can collect energy reflected &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from the ground (albedo) as well as from direct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;radiation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Applications of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We have explored some of the properties of individual &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photovoltaic cells and seen how light can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;used to produce electricity, now let’s look at some &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;applications of solar cells. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;First of all, despite electricity from solar cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;currently costing much more than power from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;grid, solar cells can be useful for applications where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there is not a nearby electricity supply, and where &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a connection to the grid could potentially be quite &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expensive. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We saw earlier, how the first solar cells were &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;used to power satellites in space (Figure 10-35), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;where other forms of power were impractical. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-36 shows a road sign in the English &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;countryside, the black sign above is an illuminated &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;display, which lights up when drivers go too fast. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is lit by power produced during the day from a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cell and also from a micro wind turbine at&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;99 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 28: Measurement of “Albedo Radiation” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-34 Measuring albedo radiation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;day or night. The power is stored locally in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;batteries located in the foundation of the sign. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In addition to powering devices in remote locations &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with no access to the power grid, we can also &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;construct large photovoltaic arrays, which generate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a significant quantity of electricity which can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“fed into” the grid when it is not being used onsite. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The great thing about photovoltaic cells, is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that they can be used in place of things like roof &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tiles and shingles—so although we cover the building &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with photovoltaic cells, which are expensive, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;save on the cost of the roofing material. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We can see how a solar array can be made plain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and large as in this solar array at the Centre for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alternative Technology, U.K. (Figure 10-37). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Or with a little bit of thought, they can be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;integrated creatively into the building fabric as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shown in Figure 10-38. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What does it take to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar power my home? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Producing electricity by photovoltaic cells is fairly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;expensive compared to other types of generation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, when considering the “cost” of solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy, figure in all of the carbon emissions that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you aren’t producing, and the toxic waste that you &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aren’t making. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We now know that solar cells can be used to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;generate electricity, but the problem is getting it in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a form that we can use in our homes. Sure, it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;possible to run a few simple bulbs from a DC &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;supply, but to run most of our household appliances, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we need to generate electricity in a form that is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;suitable for them—AC. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will notice that the output from all of our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells is “direct current” (see Figure 10-39). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The voltage is always a fixed polarity with reference &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to 0 V. We can couple solar cells in series to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produce a higher voltage, or in parallel to produce &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;100 Solar Power for Your Home &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-35 The HEESI satellite powered by solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;power. Image courtesy NASA. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-36 A road sign powered by renewable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;101 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Power for Your Home &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-37 The 11 kW solar array at the Centre for Alternative Technology, U.K. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-38 Photovoltaic cells creatively integrated into a building fabric. Image courtesy Jason Hawkes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a higher current, but we are always going to end &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;up with DC. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;By contrast, in our homes, our appliances and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;devices require “alternating current,” AC (Figure &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10-40). We see how the AC waveform differs &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dramatically from the steady DC line. In the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;United States, the frequency of this AC supply is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;60 Hz, in the U.K. it is 50 Hz, it is also at a higher &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;voltage (120 V in the U.S.A., and 230 V in the U.K.). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So, how can we take the power from our photovoltaic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells, and turn it from “DC low voltage” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;into “AC high voltage”? The answer is that we use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an “inverter.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;An inverter is a piece of electronics (Figure 10-41), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which takes the DC supply from our solar cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and generates an AC waveform at the correct &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;voltage and frequency for our items of mains &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;equipment. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We need some extra devices for safety reasons, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you will see in the setup that there is a mains &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;isolator switch (as shown in Figure 10-42). This &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;allows us to disconnect the mains from the inverter &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;102 Solar Power for Your Home &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-39 Direct current. Figure 10-40 Alternating current. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-41 A typical inverter setup.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the event that we need to carry out work or &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;maintenance. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We also need to include a mains circuit breaker &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to protect against overcurrents or surges, which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;could be potentially damaging and dangerous. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A circuit breaker is shown in Figure 10-43. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;And in addition, we need to be able to isolate &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the DC supply coming from our solar array. A DC &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;isolator switch is shown in Figure 10-44. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is also interesting to see how much energy our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar array is producing. This can be useful for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;accounting purposes, say if we are selling the solar &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;energy back to the grid, or simply to benchmark &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the performance of our solar system and see if it is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in line with our design predictions. A watt hour &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;meter is shown in Figure 10-45. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;103 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Solar Power for Your Home&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-42 Mains isolator switch. Figure 10-43 Mains circuit breaker. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-44 Solar DC isolator switch.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;104 Solar Power for Your Home &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 10-45 Watt hour meter. Figure 10-46 Awelamentawe school solar display. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Image courtesy Dulas. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Of course, if we have a solar array in a public &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;area, it is also nice to promote solar technology to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;others, and our solar array is a powerful tool to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;educate others with. At this school in Wales, in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Awelamentawe (Figure 10-46), a display is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prominently mounted in the main reception, to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;show visitors, and help educate children about, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;how much energy the school’s solar array is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;producing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photochemical Solar Cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chapter 11 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;My sincerest thanks to Dr. Greg P. Smestad for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;information and images he has provided, on which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this chapter is based. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In addition to the photovoltaic solar cells that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we have seen earlier in this book, there are other &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ways of generating electricity directly from the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sun. We saw how photovoltaic solar cells rely on &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the photovoltaic effect that occurs at semiconductor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;junctions, and how the semiconductor performs the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;two jobs of absorbing the light and separating &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electrons. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the problems with this approach is that, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because of the sensitive nature of the cells, they &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;must be manufactured in ultra-clean conditions in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;order to be clean and free from defects which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;might impede their operation. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This works effectively; however, it is expensive. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The thing about photochemical solar cells is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that they use cheap technology. Titanium dioxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is not some rare chemical that requires expensive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;processing, it is already produced in large quantities &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and used commonly; furthermore, you don’t &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need an awful lot of it—only around 10 g per &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;square meter. When you figure that this 10 g only &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;costs two cents, you begin to realize that this is a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar technology with a lot of promise for the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;future. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In an attempt to make solar technology cheaper &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and more accessible, Michael Grätzel and Brian &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;O’Regan from the Swiss Federal Institute of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Technology decided to explore different approaches &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the problem. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The photochemical solar cell has grown out of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an expanding branch of technology—biomimickry, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;looking at how we can mimic natural processes to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;make more advanced technologies. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rather than having a single thing to do all of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;jobs, as in a conventional photovoltaic cell, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photochemical solar cells mimic processes that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;occur in nature. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Electron transfer is the foundation for all life in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells; it occurs in the mitochondria, the powerhouses &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of cells which convert nutrients into energy. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Titanium dioxide, while not immediately &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;springing to mind as a household name, is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;incorporated in a lot of the products that we use &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;every day. In paints, as a pigment, it is known by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its name titanium white. It is also used in products &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;such as toothpaste and sunscreen. Titanium dioxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is great at absorbing ultraviolet light. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;105 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You might find titanium dioxide referred to as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Titania” in some references. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Note &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The photochemical solar cell is sometimes also &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;referred to as the “Grätzel” cell after Michael &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Grätzel who worked on developing the cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2007 by The HomeBrewPower Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;106 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;How do photochemical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;solar cells work? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Take a peek at Figure 11-1, in the top image, we &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can see the energy transfers taking place—the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light striking our photochemical solar cell, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;generating energy and turning the shaft of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electric motor, which is connected to our cell. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The radiated energy from the sun in the form of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;light, is being transformed through a chemical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;process into electrical energy, which travels &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;through the circuit to the motor, where electromagnets &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;turn the electrical energy into movement &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(kinetic energy). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We need to look at the cell in a little more &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;depth to understand the chemical processes that &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are taking place in it in order to generate the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electricity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The dye when it is excited by light injects an &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;electron into the titanium dioxide with which the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plates are coated and semiconducts. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photochemical Solar Cells &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 11-1 How a photochemical solar cell works. Image courtesy Greg P. Smestad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 29: Build Your Own Photochemical Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You will need &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Berries &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Motor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Alligator clips &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Wires &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Nanocrystalline TiO2 Degussa P25 powder in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mortar and pestle &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Glass plates &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tools &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Petri dishes &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Tweezers &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Pipette &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Pencil &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We need to get our titanium dioxide ground &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;down so that the particles are as small as possible—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this maximizes surface area, and so allows &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;our reactions to take place quickly. To do this, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we will need the mortar and pestle mentioned &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in our “tools” list (Figure 11-2). Be careful not &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to inhale any of the fine titanium dioxide powder &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as you are grinding, as it won’t do you any good! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now that we have prepared our suspension of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;titanium dioxide, we need to coat it onto our glass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plate using a glass rod. This is shown in Figure 11-3. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The next thing that we need to do is sinter the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;titanium dioxide film in order to reduce its &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resistivity. This is shown in Figure 11-4. To do &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this, we hold it in a Bunsen flame and allow the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gas to do the work! We need to hold the plate at &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the tip of the flame where the temperature is &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;approximately 450°C or 842°F. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hold it steady for around 10–15 minutes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now you need to produce the dye which will &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sensitize our photochemical solar cell. There are &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;107 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Project 29: Build a Photochemical Solar Cell &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Online resources &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Point your browser toward &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;www.solideas.com/solrcell/cellkit.html &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for more information on dye sensitized &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;photochemical solar cells and where you can &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;obtain a kit of the parts featured in this project. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 11-2 Grinding the nanocrystalline titanium &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dioxide. Image courtesy Greg P. Smestad. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Figure 11-3 Using a glass rod to spread the suspension &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;onto the plate. Image courtesy Greg P. Smestad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a number of suggestions for different substances &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which can be used for this cell. You can try: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Blackberries &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Raspberries &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Pomegranate seeds &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;. Red hibiscus tea in a few ml of water &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To produce the dye, you need to take the substance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;you are going to make the dye from, and crush it in a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;small saucer or dish. Once this has been done and a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nice fluid has been produced, take the plate which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has been coated in titanium dioxide, and immerse it &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the dye. The titanium dioxide film should now be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stained a deep red to purple color and the color &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;distribution should be nice and even. If this is not the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;case, you can immerse the plate in the dye again. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Once you have finished staining the plate, take a little &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ethanol and wash the film and then with a tissue, blot &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the plate dry. This is illustrated in Figure 11-5. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now we need to prepare the other electrode. To &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;do this you will need another of the coated glass &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plates (the one with the conductive tin oxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coating—not the one with a titanium dioxide &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coating). You need to find which is the conductive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surface. There are two ways of doing this—the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tactile method is to simply rub the plate. It should &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;feel rougher on the coated side. The other involves &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a voltmeter or continuity tester. The conductive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;side is the one which yields a positive reading &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when tested for continuity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We now 
